Criminal Justice Ethics Flashcards
You are practicing for a role you hope to occupy before you occupy it, sociologist refer to this as ________________.
A. Modeling behavior
B. Socialized behavior
C. Anticipatory socialization
D. Ethical socialization
C. Anticipatory socialization
Members of groups, even in small, homogeneous societies, distinguish rules along the certain lines. Which of the following is NOT one of the lines followed?
A. Morality
B. Ethical
C. Etiquette
D. Religion
B. Ethical
What definition of morality do the following statement describe: “morality” refers to a code of conduct that would be accepted by anyone who meets certain intellectual and volitional conditions, especially the condition of being rational.
CJE p6
A. Literal sense
B. Normative sense
C. Relative sense
D. Descriptive sense
B. Normative sense
Which of the following is not a stage in the occupational career of the criminal justice practitioner?
A. Indoctrination
B. Encounter
C. Choice
D. Metamorphosis
A. Indoctrination
Punishing minor violations of the law deters prospective offenders from engaging in more serious types of crimes describes what policing model?
A. Crime Control model
B. Community policing model
C. Due Process model
D. Broken window model
D. Broken window model
Which ethical system is associated with saying that moral behavior arises from enlightened self-interest?
A. Virtue ethics
B. Deontological ethics
C. Utilitarian ethics
D. Ethical egoism
D. Ethical egoism
______________ , morality must focus on the potential effects of individual actions because, in a given set of circumstances, it is the “likely effects” that determine whether the behavior is right or wrong.
A. Act Utilitarians
B. Ethical egoists
C. Narcissist
D. Rule Utilitrians
A. Act Utilitarians
____________ are saying that following rules helps ensure the maximum good (utility).
A. Act Utilitarian
B. Kantian Ethicists
C. Rule Utilitarians
D. Ethical Egoists
C. Rule Utilitarians
In Kantian ethics, a ___________ is morally permissible only if it could be willed as a universal law. If it fails this test, then it is morally impermissible for you to act on it.
A. Imperative
B. Maxim
C. Law
D. Belief
B. Maxim
Which of the following is not one of the objections to the Modified Divine Theory of ethics?
A. Omnipotence objection
B. Omnibenevolence objection
C. Divine theory objection
D. Religious Pluralism Objection
C. Divine Theory Objection
From ancient times through the Enlightenment, _________ ethics was the preeminent system of ethics in Western philosophy.
A. Divine Command Theory
B. Kantian
C. Virtue
D. Teological
C. Virtue
At the core of virtue ethics are three important concepts:
They are?
arête (virtue)
phronesis (practical wisdom)
eudaemonia (flourishing or happiness)
Moral dilemmas have certain shared characteristics; which of the following is not one of the characteristics?
A. Moral agent present
B. Moral impairative
C. Possibility of harm occurring
D. A decision that has implications for a agent and others
B. Moral imperative
Within the categories of Moral Dilemmas, the story and example given in, “Sophie’s Choice” illustrates a(n) _____________ dilemma.
A. Self-Imposed
B. Ontological
C. Epistemic
D. Obligation-based
B. Ontological
_____________ consists of rules or principles taken from several systems of ethics, and combined into an overarching view of morality.
A. Complex-Identity morality
B. Bilateral morality
C. Imperative morality
D. Common-sense morality
D. Common-sense morality
Among the roles that practitioners play in the criminal justice process, _________ wield both the most power and are the most visible.
A. Police Officers
B. Prosecutors
C. Judges
D. Corrections officers
C. Judges
Normative ethics involves making assessments about _____________ (whether of behavior or of character).
A. Ethics
B. Judgements
C. Morality
D. Dilemmas
C. Morality
What is one of the most important theories ever developed in moral psychology, by Lawrence Kohlberg?
A. Broken Windows Theory
B. Crime Control Theory
C. Theory of Moral Reasoning
D. Theory of Moral Development
D. Theory of Moral Development
Our capacity for _______________, guided by our emotions, can address increasingly complex moral situations, as we have learned from previous experience.
A. Moral insights
B. Moral judgement
C. Moral theory
D. Moral learning
B. Moral judgement
The moral agent is supremely confident in his or her judgement but is unable to articulate reasons to support it, describes what process of moral reasoning?
A. Moral ineffectiveness
B. Moral dumbfoundedness
C. Moral deliberation
D. Moral reason affect
B. Moral dumbfoundedness
____________________, can influence not only my moral judgements but also my feelings about morality itself, which leads to moral growth.
A. Law of noncontradiction
B. Moral reasoning
C. Consistency reasoning
D. Moral dumbfoundedness
C. Consistency reasoning
“Woman’s” morality has been described as a(n) ____________ and suggests that the source of morality is found in the fundamental relationships and dependencies in which humans are involved.
A. Feminine ethics
B. Ethic of care
C. Maternal ethics
D. Ethic of relationship
B. Ethic of care
The most common form of moral reasoning is _____________________, where one attempts to establish truth of a particular moral claim on the basis of one or more general principles.
A. Moral deliberation
B. Moral responsibility
C. Moral discussion
D. Moral cogitation
A. Moral deliberation
What is described as a set of rules that philosophers and others have developed to help guide our thinking, not the content of what we are thinking about?
A. Consistency of reasoning
B. Normative principles
C. Principles of moral reasoning
D. Derivative moral judgement
C. Principles of moral reasoning
A stated claim in the form of a general moral principle (GMP) and a set of factual claims (FCs) - that in combination are called _________________.
A. Moral Dilemma Claims
B. Moral Reasoning Claims
C. Normative claims
D. Identity errors
C. Normative claims
_______________ relates to maintaining a consistent perspective when resolving dilemmas.
A. Unwarranted assumptions
B. Double standards
C. Mine-is-better thinking
D. Consistency in thinking
D. Consistency in thinking
If you are unable to articulate a substantive and reasonable objection, you’re potentially engaging in _________________.
A. Double standards
B. Unwarranted assumptions
C. Moral prudentialism
D. Mine-is-better thinking
D. Mine is better thinking
Which specific rule of moral reasoning to avoid errors applies to the following statement: either selectively considering or twisting evidence to serve our interests.
A. Moral conventionalism
B. Hasty conclusions
C. Double standards
D. Oversimplifications
C. Double standards
The solution for ________________ is being careful. When “boiling down” the case, don’t “water it down”.
A. Tu Quoque
B. Hasty conclusions
C. Slippery slopes
D. Oversimplification
D. Oversimplification
In ethics, snap judgements are known as _________________ and involve one rendering a judgement about the ethics of behavior without fully or carefully examining all aspects of the case.
A. Hasty conclusions
B. To Quoque
C. Oversimplification
D. None of the above
A. Hasty conclusions
This error often occurs when the accused argues that his or her accusers are guilty of the same wrongdoing and therefore have no legitimate basis for their accusations.
A. Moral conventionalism
B. Moral prudentialism
C. To Quoque
D. None of the above
C. To Quoque (“you also”)
This error in moral reasoning says that morality is a product of numbers: if a large portion of one’s group is engaging in a particular behavior, that alone makes the behavior acceptable.
A. Error of moral prudentialism
B. Error of moral legalism
C. Error of moral conventionalism
D. None of the above
C. Error of moral conventionalism
Proponents of Ethical Egoism do not recognize _________________ as an error in moral reasoning.
A. Moral prudentialism
B. Moral legalism
C. Moral conventionalism
D. None of the above
A. Moral prudentialism
______________ is considered an error in reasoning, due to the person making the argument usually does not establish that the undesirable consequences must occur.
A. Red herrings
B. Oversimplification
C. Slippery Slope
D. Hasty conclusions
C. Slippery slope
A(n) _____________ involves appealing to certain popular prejudices and biases shared by members of a group to inflame prejudices and lead members to accept a certain moral conclusion.
A. Moral legalism
B. Red Herrings
C. Argument to the people
D. Moral conventionalism
C. Argument to the people
The problem of ______________ in moral reasoning is that diverts attention from the real issue(s).
A. Slippery slopes
B. Oversimplifications
C. Red Herrings
D. Double standards
C. Red Herrings
There are VII items to fill-in on the Template for Analysis:
Which item is missing from the following list: Facts, Details, Issue, Ideals, Obligations, ____________, Conclusion.
A. Results
B. Assumptions
C. Consequences
D. Distortion
C. Consequences
Using the Template for Analysis, when you identify the ___________, you have articulated the target of your analysis, around which you will build evidence to support your conclusion.
A. Facts
B. Issue
C. Ideals
D. Obligations
B. Issue
While _______________ suggest unattainability, they nonetheless are culturally identified goals that members of the group strive to achieve.
A. Obligations
B. Consequences
C. Moral ideals
D. None of the above
C. Moral ideals
________________ identify the optimal conditions under which choices are made confer how we should behave or how a certain goal is achieved.
A. Substantive moral ideal
B. Procedural moral ideal
C. A and B
D. None of the above
B. Procedural moral ideal
When it comes to obligations, regardless of the degree of ___________ that develops, with relationships come responsibilities.
A. Assessment
B. Intimacy
C. Nature
D. Respect
B. Intimacy
___________ are types of obligations that involve strict adherence to promises made, such as when one signs a contract and may have not only moral implications if they are violated, but legal implications as well.
A. Implied obligations
B. Substantive obligations
C. Fidelity obligations
D. None of the above
C. Fidelity Obligations
What type of obligation is described by the following example?: You have an obligation to help a sibling in a time of need because of the relationship between the two of you.
A. Nonfidelity obligation
B. Fidelity obligation
C. Substantive obligation
D. Exclusionary obligation
A. Nonfidelity obligation
The potential outcomes of our behavior are the ______________ they may generate and should be included in any assessment you undertake of the ethics of behavior.
A. Obligations
B. Ideals
C. Consequences
D. Reasoning
C. Consequences
A typical ______________ analysis of the ethics of behavior emphasizes the importance of the short-term consequences while ignoring possible long-term effects.
A. Rule Utilitarians
B. Ideal Moral reasoning
C. Act Utilitarians
D. Effects assessment
C. Act Utilitarian
The following (3) tenets describe which type of consequence?: (1) the good consequences are inseparable from the bad, (2) the good consequences outweigh the bad, and (3) the bad consequences are not directly intended.
A. Implicit Opposites
B. Principle of the Double Effect
C. Indirect consequences
D. Direct consequences
B. Principles of the Double Effect
You should consider the ________ as a guide that helps you proceed through the process of moral reasoning with the goal of reaching a solid conclusion.
A. Template
B. Framework
C. Structure of Reasoning
D. Ethical guidelines
A. Template
Police ethics is a multilayered phenomenon that should be approached as such: it involves different elements, each of which contributes a piece to the larger puzzle of police ethics. Which of the following is not one of those elements?
A. Communities
B. Politicians
C. Individuals
D. Organizations
B. Politicians
________ and legitimacy connect the police with those being policed, and as recent years have shown, when those connections fray or are severed, the community distrust the police and may outright reject the ______________ of the department.
A. Trust, confidence
B. Confidence, importance
C. Validity, legitimacy
D. Trust, legitimacy
D. Trust, legitimacy
The issues and dilemmas confronting police officers tend to arise from these sources, except:
A. Recruitment, selection, training
B. Functions of police
C. Culture of policing
D. Tactics of policing
B. Functions of policing
The problem is that unethical (or even illegal) behavior by police officers is too often attributed to ________________.
A. Egocentrism
B. Lowered standards
C. Rotten apples
D. Corruption
C. Rotten apples
Police departments, because they are complex organizations, have a ___________ and a ___________ that influence the behavior of the individuals working in them.
A. Culture, demeanor
B. Design, structure
C. Climate, standard
D. Structure, culture
D. Structure, culture
In the ‘Rotten Barrel Theory’, barrels can indeed become rotten if officers don’t regard certain forms of misconduct as serious, ________________ , or silently tolerate misconduct by peers.
A. perceive the misconduct as normative behavior
B. regard discipline as too severe
C. regard discipline as too lenient
D. B and C
D. B and C
Scholars suggest that community expectations about police departments’ integrity and ethics exert pressure on police organizations which affects a departments’ ability to ________, _________, or ________ questionable behavior by officers.
A. Expose, defend, correct
B. Resist, confront, combat
C. Tolerate, accept, defend
D. Defend, deny, accept
B. resist, confront, combat
When police recruitment goes about screening in those who have both the necessary skill sets and the proper values, they are applying ____________________.
A. Values-predisposition perspective
B. Value-seeking perspective
C. Value-neutral perspective
D. None of the above
A. Values-predisposition perspective
What two types of content was discovered through analyzing academy war stories told to trainees by instructors?
A. Funny, scary
B. True, false
C. Manifest, latent
D. None of the above
C. Manifest, Latent
____________ are symbols of power that provoke challenges, criticism, and taunts from citizens, especially juveniles and minorities.
A. Badge and gun
B. Rifle and shotgun
C. Uniform and gun
D. Lights and sirens
C. Uniform and gun
The stage of the Occupational Career that the officer adopts the self-conception of “cop”.
A. Encounter
B. Introduction
C. Metamorphosis
D. Choice
C. Metamorphosis
The Hypothetical Imperative
Kant distinguished the categorical imperative, which he termed a ___ that guides behavior, from the hypothetical imperative, which he termed a ___ that guides behavior.
A. Formal principle; Material principle
B. Material principle; Formal principle
A. Formal principle; material principle
Police Culture is a(n) ____________ that developed as officers, individually and collectively, confronted the situations they did, including the ever-present potential of violence against them.
A. Occupational norm
B. Rational response
C. Occupational phenomenon
D. Foundational belief
C. Occupational phenomenon
Police officers share a culture, which includes _______________ into which they are socialized.
A. A set of values, attitudes, and behavioral norms
B. A set of rules, beliefs and sop’s
C. a set of behaviors, reactions and compromises
D. None of the above
A. A set of values, attitudes, and behavioral norms
Steven Ellwanger identified the “core values” of the police culture. Which of the following is not one of those identified core values.
A. Using force
B. Loyalty
C. Marksmanship
D. Discretion
C. Marksmanship
The teleological line of reasoning regarding ‘gratuities’ police officers could receive: acceptance of gratuities is not wrong in itself, but the possible ___________ of bias, favoritism, and bribery are overwhelmingly negative.
A. Influence
B. Consequences
C. Accepting
D. Normalizing
B. Consequences
Regarding gratuities, Kania argues that it is the intent of the ______________ that matters most and determines the ethical quality of the exchange.
A. giver
B. receiver
C. A & B
D. None of the above
B. receiver
According to Sherman, ___________ found in the officer’s work environment produce opportunities and incentives that encourage unethical behavior.
A. Moral experiences
B. Contingencies
C. Apologia
D. Stages
B. Contingencies
In the final component of Sherman’s “moral career”, he describes a progression from being an ethical police officer to “becoming bent”. What is this component called?
A. Apologia
B. Stages
C. Contingencies
D. Moral experiences
B. Stages
__________ are among the most important intermediaries in patrol officers’ work environments.
A. Mid-Managers
B. Citizens
C. Criminal offenders
D. First-line supervisors
D. First-line supervisors
Unethical and illegal police conduct is helped when formal, ___________________ break down.
A. Regulations
B. Discipline
C. Internal control mechanisms
D. Police culture
C. Internal control mechanisms
Ethical issues raised by the use of Preemployment Psychological Evaluation (PPE) relate to the following issues: which issue is not one that is described?
A. Informed consent by the candidate
B. Limitations on the evaluation
C. Applicability to police functions
D. Normative standards for psychological testing
C. Applicability to police functions
What is a downside to using sting operations as a police tactic to “fight crime”?
A. High risk to Officers involved
B. Raising issues of entrapment
C. Bolstering arrest statistics
D. A & B
D. A & B
To decide if entrapment has occurred, courts use two “tests”. Which of these tests, does the following sentence describe:
The court focuses on the actions and intent of the police.
A. Subjective test for entrapment
B. Objective test for entrapment
C. A & B
D. None of the above
B. Objective test for entrapment
The Reid Technique consists of three components, which of the components listed below is not one that is described.
A. A behavioral-analysis interview with the arrestee
B. Interrogation of the arrestee
C. Factual analysis
D. None of the above
D. None of the above
The most important part of the Reid Technique is a structured interrogation. How many steps should only occur if the PI is “reasonably certain” of the arrestee’s guilt?
A. 3
B. 6
C. 9
D. 12
C. 9
Of the nine steps in the structured interrogation of the Reid Technique, which of the choices describes the next to last step (step #8)?
A. Overcoming objections
B. Presenting an alternate question
C. Converting an oral confession to a written confession
D. Having the arrestee orally relate various details of the offense.
D. Having the arrestee orally relate various details of the offense.
Which of the three types of confessions that Wrightsmann and Kassin identified are obtained not as a result of police pressure to confess?
A. Coerced-internalized false confessions
B. Voluntary False confessions
C. Coerced-compliant false confessions
D. None of the above
B. Voluntary False confessions
Escaping an aversive situation, avoiding explicit or implied threats, or gaining a reward describes which false confession typology?
A. Voluntary false confession
B. Coerced-internalized false confession
C. Coerced-compliant false confession
D. None of the above
C. Coerced-compliant false confession
Confessors of this typology of false confessions evidence what Kassin labeled “memory distrust syndrome”.
A. Voluntary False Confessions
B. Coerced-compliant False Confessions
C. Coreced-internalized false confessions
D. None of the above
C. Coreced-internalized false confessions
Police perjury can be traced to several contributing factors. Which of the following is not a contributing factor?
A. The “blue wall of silence”
B. The power of the noble cause
C. The political pressure placed on policing agencies to deliver results
D. None of the above
C. The political pressure placed on policing agencies to deliver results
Researchers have identified three common types of lies. Which of the following is not an identified lie?
A. White (prosocial) lies
B. Black (antisocial) lies
C. Blue (ingroup) lies
D. Red (intrinsic) lies
D. Red (intrinsic) lies
Social scientists speak of the current historical period as one dominated by the “surveillance society” or the “____________________”.
A. Big brother society
B. Maximum security society
C. Eye in the sky society
D. Systematic surveillance society
B. Maximum security society
Surveillance focuses on gathering details about people, and it is also _________________ and intentional.
A. Intrusive
B. Systematic
C. Covert
D. Purposeful
B. Systematic
Implicit bias does not require __________; it only requires knowledge of a stereotype to produce discriminatory actions.
A. Racism
B. Animus
C. Thought
D. Action
B. Animus
Selective thinking where one tends to notice evidence confirming one’s beliefs and ignores contradictory evidence; describes which bias?
A. Explicit bias
B. Implicit bias
C. Confirmation bias
D. Post hoc bias
C. Confirmation bias
Kevin Macnish listed seven guiding principles for surveillance to be ethical, based on the guiding principles from _______________.
A. Ethical Surveillance theory
B. Proportionality theory
C. Just war theory
D. Crime Control theory
C. Just war theory
Of Kevin Macnish seven guiding principles for surveillance to be ethical, which is characterized by the following description: surveillance should not be undertaken for salacious, trivial, or ignoble causes.
A. Correct intent
B. Proportionality
C. Last resort
D. Just cause
D. Just cause
The courtroom workgroup consists of members who work to process and dispose of criminal cases each day in courts across the nation. Which of the following is not a member of this workgroup.
A. Judges
B. Bailiffs
C. Prosecutors
D. Defense attorneys
B. Bailiffs
The courtroom workgroup and the _________________ it fosters constitutes the reality in courtrooms everywhere.
A. Adversarial justice
B. Negotiated justice
C. Ethical justice
D. None of the above
B. Negotiated justice
The courtroom workgroup achieves several goals, as they work collaboratively to dispose of cases. Which of the following is not one of those goals?
A. Efficiency
B. Shared power
C. Ethical justice
D. Reduced uncertainty at sentencing
C. Ethical justice
Within courtroom workgroups, the greater the _____________ of members, the greater the cooperation among them.
A. Familiarity
B. Similarity
C. Stability
D. All of the above
B. Similarity
Within the ABA’s Standards for Prosecution Function - 13 “best practices”, Part 1 makes it clear that prosecutors occupy three roles: which of the following is not one of those roles?
A. Zealots for justice
B. Officers of the court
C. Administrators of Justice
D. Zealous advocates for the people
A. Zealots for justice
Part III of the ABA’s Standards, covers prosecutorial relationships, and it stresses that prosecutors should develop strong relationships with the listed parties based on certain characteristics. Which of the following is not a basis for relationship?
A. Legal rules
B. Professional courtesy
C. Trust
D. Sound judgement
B. Professional courtesy
In Part V of the ABA standards for the prosecution function; if the prosecutor has “_____________” with a defendant’s mental competence, those concerns should be expressed to defense counsel and, if necessary, to the court.
A. Reasonable doubt
B. Reasonable suspicion
C. Reasonable concerns
D. Reasonable certainty
C. Reasonable Concerns
Prosecutors engage in misconduct for two reasons. Which of the following is not one of those reasons?
A. It works
B. It goes undetected
C. Sanctions for engaging in it are minimal
D. None of the above
B. It goes undetected
Once an error of prosecutorial misconduct occurred, the appeals court uses one of two approaches to investigate the impact of the PM on the case. Which of the following is not an approach used?
A. Harmless error approach
B. Effect-on-the-verdict approach
C. Guilt-based approach
D. None if the above
A. Harmless error approach
The standards for defense attorneys, as listed in the ABA’s Model Standards, are ___________, meaning, they are ideals that defense attorneys should strive to achieve; they are not fixed rules.
A. Goal driven
B. Aspirational
C. Guiding principles
D. Interpretive
B. Aspirational
In the ABA’s function of defense counsel, it says that defense counsel should engage in efforts to ___________ and __________ the administration of justice.
A. Confirm, protect
B. Reform, improve
C. Expose, protect
D. Improve, protect
B. Reform, improve
CJE pg 7
Normative ethics tries to develop standards for morally acceptable conduct and uses ___ to justify the standards.
A. common sense
B. rational and moral agents
C. moralism
D. logic and reason
D. Logic and reason
CJE page 9
An inherit capacity to show benevolence towards others is called ___.
A. Psychological altruism
B. Psychological egoism
C. Moral relativism
D. Absolutist mentality
A. Psychological altruism
In the ABA’s Standards for Defense Counsel, Part IX of the standards offers guidance for defense counsel relating to ____________.
A. Attorney/Client privilege
B. Conduct during litigation
C. Relationships with clients
D. Post-Conviction Appeals
D. Post-Conviction appeals
These types of attorneys “employ whatever tactics are necessary for victory and believe they aren’t accountable for the tactics because they are being used to “zealously” represent clients.
A. Competent attorneys
B. Hard core litigators
C. Rambo attorneys
D. Zealous attorneys
C. Rambo attorneys
Within the Canons of the ABA’s Model Code of Judicial Conduct, it says in Canon 1 that judicial behavior shall promote core ideals of the judiciary. Which of the following is not an example given?
A. Impartiality
B. Inclination
C. Integrity
D. Independence
B. Inclination
Between 1990 and 2016, the total correctional population grew by about 51%. It is about 6.15 million people that are in prison, jail, probation or parole. On average, about 1 in every ____ adults in this country was under some form of correctional supervision.
A. 25
B. 38
C. 50
D. 78
B. 38
When one considers legal punishment, one should understand that it is both _____________ and _____________.
A. Costly, ineffective
B. Effective, expensive
C. Burdensome, condemnatory
D. Unethical, ineffective
C. Burdensome, condemnatory
Consequentialist believe there are three socially desirable ends of legal punishment. Which of the following is not one of the three?
A. Punitive
B. Deterrence
C. Incapacitation
D. Rehabilitation
A. Punitive
From 1972 to April 2018, a total of ________ offenders in 27 states who had been sentenced to death were exonerated and released from death row.
A. 150
B. 162
C. 200
D. 15
B. 162
Which state leads the nation with 538 executions between 1976 and year-end of 2017?
A. Missouri
B. Oklahoma
C. Texas
D. Florida
C. Texas
The United Nations General Assembly passed its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in this Declaration lists _____ basic rights that all people enjoy.
A. 10
B. 25
C. 30
D. 45
C. 30
At the core of this doctrine is the notion that punishment is an imposition on, not a benefit gained by, offenders.
A. Penal equality
B. Inmate reform
C. Rights of the incarcerated
D. Penal austerity
D. Penal Austerity
Within the Occupational Culture of Correctional Officers, a typology of CO’s are identified. Which of the following is not a listed typology?
A. Loners
B. Hard Liners
C. People Workers
D. Sympathetic officers
D. Sympathetic officers
The simulation conducted in 1971, by Phillip Zimbardo, that vividly revealed the effects of imprisonment on guards and inmates alike is known as?
A. Correctional Ethics study
B. Prison Corruption experiment
C. Stanford Prison experiment
D. Misuse of authority study
C. Stanford Prison experiment
As described by Zimbardo, Situational dynamics commonly found in prisons can influence negative, unethical or even illegal behavior. Which of the following is a dynamic described by Zimbardo?
A. Bystander Apathy
B. Group Conformity
C. Deindividuation
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
In a _____, while there is the same conflict between two (or more) obligations, neither is overridden.
A. Ontological dilemma
B. Epistemic dilemma
C. Self-imposed dilemma
D. Other-imposed dilemma
A. Ontological dilemma
Within sentencing provisions, the allowance of attachment of additional sanctions that include house arrest, electronic monitoring, residential treatment plans and “boot camps” for juveniles are known as ____________________ .
A. Primary sanctions
B. Ethical sanctions
C. Intermediate sanctions
D. Community based sanctions
C. Intermediate sanctions
Which Supreme Court case from 1916 set a precedent for creating probation statutes across the country?
A. US v Townsville Corrections
B. ex parte United States
C. US v Kinghts
D. None of the above
B. ex parte United States (242 US 27)
The current model of probation, “neighborhood-based supervision” stresses ____________ based supervision of offenders and establishing meaningful and professional relationships with them.
A. Interactive
B. Zip-code
C. Honor
D. Stringent
B. Zip-code
Because Electronic Monitoring allows tracking of the physical location of offenders, it is considered a ____________ intermediate sanction.
A. Punitive
B. Controlling
C. Restrictive
D. Intrusive
C. Restrictive
The Supreme Court ruled in 1993, that judges are responsible for determining whether the reasoning or methodology underlying forensic testimony is __________________.
A. Admissible as evidence
B. Scientifically valid
C. Reasonably prudent
D. All of the above
B. Scientifically valid
The American Academy of Forensic Sciences identifies 10 disciplines as constituting the Forensic Sciences. John Barbara created a classification scheme for forensic science disciplines that encompasses four broad areas. Which of the following is not one of his four areas?
A. Comparative disciplines
B. Analytical disciplines
C. Crime Scene Investigations
D. Pathological disciplines
D. Pathological disciplines
*4th = digital forensics
_________ violations occur in forensic labs when practitioners fail to follow established protocols for analyzing evidence.
A. Procedural
B. Legal
C. Ethical
D. Obligatory
C. Ethical
Within Forensic Science, whether a discipline is repeatable, reproducible, and accurate describes ______________________.
A. Validity as applied
B. Foundational validity
C. Scientific validity
D. Validity of science
B. Foundational validity
Of the explanations in social sciences, which is described as focusing on a particular case to fully understand and document what occurred in a single instance.
A. Idiographic explanation
B. Nomothetic explanation
C. Probabilistic explanation
D. None of the above
A. Idiographic explanation
In Human Subject Involved Research (HSIR), The Belmont Report provides “basic ethical principles” governing HSIR. Which of the following is not one of those guiding principles?
A. Justice
B. Honesty
C. Beneficence
D. Respect for persons
B. Honesty
The Belmont Report presented applications in practice, including those relating to ____________, assessing risks and benefits, and ___________________.
A. Confidentiality, protections
B. Informed consent, selecting participants
C. Compensation, recovery
D. None of the above
B. Informed consent, selecting participants
Crucial to ensuring that human subjects are respected and aware of possible benefits and risks is __________________.
A. Transparency
B. Inferred consent
C. Honesty
D. Informed consent
D. Informed consent
As a result of the 1991 adoption of the “Common Rule” into the Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR 46, a total of ____ federal agencies agreed to follow the Common Rule.
A. 10
B. 18
C. 23
D. 27
B. 18
Institutional Review Boards (IRB’s) that are responsible for approving HSIR, typically consist of a panel containing a minimum of ____ researches (the panel may be larger).
A. 3
B. 5
C. 6
D. 8
B. 5
_____________ can reduce stress and other harms caused to subjects involved in social science research.
A. Informed consent
B. Transparency
C. Debriefing
D. None of the above
C. Debriefing
which one of these is not part of the template for analyzing and reaching a conclusion about ethics of behavior?
A. Facts
B. Obligations
C. Ideals
C. Summary
C. Summary
David Klinger developed a/an __ perspective that explained the influence of neighborhood based factors on officer behavior.
A. “neighborhood rights”
B. “element of choice”
C. “ecology of patrol”
D. “environmental choice”
C. “ecology of patrol”
Regarding the rotten barrels theory, this culture is created by ___ an imposed ___ through the organizational ranks.
A. upper management / downward
B. middle management / downward
C. supervisors / upward
D. police officers / upward
A . upper management / downward
Many of the institutions within which social scientists work have increasingly developed a(n) __________________ that stresses obtaining extramural funding.
A. Corporate engagement
B. Commercialized culture
C. Entrepreneurial culture
D. Enterprise culture
D. Enterprise culture
As part of an annual ethics review process, investigators have to annually update all financial interests over _________ that developed during the previous 12 months.
A. $1000
B. $2500
C. $5000
D. $10,000
C. $5000
One who studies people in their own environments using methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviews.
A. Social scientist
B. Urbanologist
C. Ethnographers
D. Environmental researcher
C. Ethnographers
Those risks embedded in the larger setting, say, the inner city of Detroit or a conflict zone in the Middle East.
A. Inherent risk
B. Situational risk
C. Environmental risk
D. Ambient risk
D. Ambient risk
If a researcher is found to have committed scientific misconduct and is subject to debarment, the maximum amount of time the researcher can be excluded from receiving federal funding is ____.
A. 1 year
B. 2 years
C. 3 years
D. 5 years
C. 3 years
There is a _____ limitation on bringing forward allegations of research misconduct.
A. 3 years
B. 6 years
C. 9 years
D. No time limit
B. 6 years
___ found in the officers work environment produce opportunities, and incentives that unethical behavior.
A. Apologia
B. Contingencies
C. Stages
D. Moral Experiences
B. Contingencies
Which one of these four is a “moral crossroad” where one is forced to decide what the way forward will look like.
A. Apologia
B. Contingencies
C. Stages
D. Moral Experiences
D. Moral Experiences
Discussing the organizational environment of policing, research consistently shows it is the __ who creates the “rules of the road” for officers.
A. frontline supervisors
B. Agency culture
C. Mid-managers
D. Chief of police
CJE p167
D. Chief of Police
The __ requires reviewing records of the case, to assess the factual guilt or innocence of the defendant in light of the untainted evidence in the record.
A. Guilt-based approach
B. Effect-on-the-verdict approach
C. Deceptive efforts approach
D. Common sense approach
A. Guilt-based approach
Consequentialist justifications for legal punishment include three socially desirable ends of legal punishment. Which one of these is not one of those four?
A. Deterrence
B. Incapacitation
C. Rehabilitation
D. Rights of Forfeiture
D. Rights of Forfeiture
regarding felony cases through the judicial system, how many are settled via negotiated plea agreements?
A. 65%
B. 75%
C. 85%
D. 95%
D. 95%
Scholars describe jails and prisons examples of _______.
A. correctional genres
B. institutional corrections
C. alternative housing
D. absolutist methods
B. institutional corrections
________ emphasized, larger organizational directives and interpersonal skills as important to being a CO. While following rules and procedures closely, they also accounted for circumstances while not straying too far from procedure to cover for themselves.
A. Rule enforcer
B. Hardliner
C. People workers
D. Synthetic officers
D. Synthetic officers
According to deontological ethics, one’s ethical behavior is determined by:
A. the possible outcomes and/or consequences for one’s self.
B. the possible positive consequences for a group outweigh the possible negative consequences.
C. the obligations of one’s duty in a relationship
D. specific religious views.
C. the obligations of one’s duty in a relationship
Specialized training, autonomy, and of great social value best describe which of the following?
a) profession
b) occupation
c) expert
d) job
a) profession
Which of the following best defines ethics?
A. rules followed by society or a group as to what is right and wrong
B. generally uniform and abstract principles
C. general rules and statements
D. governed by social norms
B. generally uniform and abstract principles
One way to “know” things is through what others know and have told us without us actually experiencing it. This is called
CJE p383
A. Agreement reality
B. Experiential reality
C. Augmented reality
D. Virtual reality
A. Agreement reality
Pertaining to professional ethics, one reason why professional ethics are so important because most professionals have a __ over their clients.
A. Informational advantage
B. Technical advantage
C. Legal advantage
D. Common-sense advantage
CJE p015
A. Informational advantage
Regarding the relationship between morality and ethics, while ___ tends to be fluid and variable over time and across place, ___ tends to be stable.
A. Ethics; morality
B. Ethics; values
C. Morality; ethics
D. None of the above
CJE p016
C. Morality, ethics
Regarding the occupational career of the practitioner, specifically the stages of the occupational career, which stage will the individual begin experiencing a “subtle shift in values” of his or her occupational career.
A. Choice
B. Introduction
C. Encounter
D. Metamorphosis
CJE p020
B. Introduction
Regarding the crime control model, and the due process model, which one of the following is not from the crime control model?
A. Police powers
B. Efficiency
C. Presumption of guilt
D. Legal guilt established
CJE p023
D. Legal guilt established
or established guilt
Regarding virtue ethics, The __ person also does what is right, but does so reluctantly.
A. Temperate person
B. Continent person
C. Virtuous person
D. Prudent person
CJE p050
B. Continent person
Regarding moral dilemmas in corrections, officers must constantly account for the whereabouts of the inmates since ____ is the single greatest threat to the security of the institution.
A. violence
B. firearms
C. escape
D. riots
CJE p077
C. escape
Regarding the structure of moral arguments, in general, moral arguments typically consist of three components. All of the following are components EXCEPT:
A. General moral principle.
B. Deductive analysis.
C. Factual claims.
D. Derivative moral judgment.
CJE p098
B. Deductive analysis
Being aware of ___, the morally salient facts in any situation, is a crucial first step to moral reasoning.
A. Moral dilemma
B. Moral issues
C. Moral task
D. Moral problem
CJE p087
B. Moral issues
Kohlberg’s Levels and Stages of Moral Reasoning has three stages. Which one of these is NOT one of them?
A. Pre-conventional Morality
B. Conventional Morality
C. Prime Conventional Morality
D. Post-conventional Morality
CJE p095
C. Prime Conventional Morality
Ethics, also known as “_____”, is one of several major branches of philosophy devoted to the systematic study of what is right and wrong.
A. Moral philosophy
B. Moral code
C. Meta-morals
D. Moral relations
CJE p007
A. Moral Philosophy
Regarding modern police work, Marx argues that police work fits into two dimensions, defined by (1) the nature of the ___ — deceptive and non-deceptive, and (2) the nature of the ___ — overt or covert.
A. Job; Operation
B. Operation; Job
C. Work; Situation
D. Work; Operation
CJE p180
D. Work; Operation
Regarding the conditions of confinement, the conditions should not be such that the basic dignity of the inmate is jeopardized through all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Humiliation
B. Intimidation
C. Exploitation
D. Embarassment
CJE p290
D. Embarassment
According to the traditional consequentialist thought, for deterrence to work, punishment must be swift, certain and severe. Swiftness is also known as:
A. Celerity
B. Urgency
C. Bolany
D. Just desserts
CJE p258
A. Celerity
______ occurs when one has conflicts between two (or more) obligations and the person cannot decide which obligation is the more important under the current circumstances.
A. Ontological dilemma
B. Epistemic dilemma
C. Morphacentric dilemma
D. Out-of-bounds dilemma
CJE p065
B. Epistemic dilemma
A template for analysis includes all the following except:
A. Facts
B. Details
C. Obligations
D. Responsibilities
CJE p118
D. Responsibilities
Occupational culture of corrections officers: _____ were identified by Farkas as those who closely followed rules and procedures out of fear of being criticized:
A. Rule enforcers
B. Loners
C. Hard liner
D. Synthetic officers
CJE p295
B. Loners
“Memory distrust syndrome” is associated with the following legal limits during interrogation:
A. Coerced-internalized false confessions
B. Coerced-compliant false confessions
C. Voluntary false confessions
D. Reid-focused confession
CJE p189
A. Coerced-internalized false confessions
I don’t think it’s unfair to also accept the proposition that ___ sometimes come to believe they are “agents of good” in the criminal justice system, that their actions, and there’s alone, determine whether “justice” has been served.
A. police officers
B. prosecutors
C. judges
D. defense attorneys
CJE p225
B. prosecutors
Managers can take several steps to ensure adequate tolerance of deviance in groups, so that group members are willing to deviate from dysfunctional norms, and, when deviance occurs in their group, reflect on the appropriateness of the violated norm and change the norm of necessary. Which one of the following is NOT one of the steps?
CJE p367
A. Managers can be role models for the groups
B. Managers should let employees know there are always ways to improve and replace existing norms
C. Managers can remove someone who refuses to cooperate with the norms after providing them ample opportunity to conform to the norms
D. Managers should encourage members of the group and teams to periodically assess the appropriateness of their norms
C. Managers can remove someone who refuses to cooperate with the norms after providing them ample opportunity to conform to the norms
“Punishment should not be justified as a deserved evil, but rather as an attempt, by someone who cares, to improve a wayward person.”
CJE p267
A. Rights Forfeiture Theory
B. Moral Education Theory
C. Consequentialist Theory
D. Retributism Theory
B. Moral Education Theory
This focuses more on questions arising from the day-to-day operations of prisons and focuses on the behavior of two key groups of practitioners, correctional officers and treatment staff.
CJE p282
A. Prisons as punishment
B. Prisons for punishment
C. Prison management
D. Prison ethical systems
B. Prisons for punishment
When increased use of incarceration fails to achieve that primary goal, the solution has been to make imprisonment available to a/an ____ group of offenders while also making it harsher on inmates.
CJE p283
A. Even wider
B. More narrow
C. Isolated
D. Unorthadox
A. Even wider
During the 1990s, a ___ prisons and jails movement developed in this country that sought to restrict or end inmate access to personal items, computers, weightlifting equipment, etc.
CJE p283
A. “No-games”
B. “No-bull”
C. “No-frills”
D. “No-BS”
C. “No-frills”
Under the section prison AS punishment, regarding assessment of who should go to prison, using ___ criteria to predict risk would seem preferrable, since those criteria account for the fact that criminality may be a stage in, rather than a permanent feature of, an offender’s life.
CJE p288
A. Psychological-based
B. Offender-based
C. Evidence-based
D. Profile-based
C. Evidence-based
Regarding conditions of confinement, the doctrine of ______, or the view that conditions inside prison should be no better than those an inmate would experience on the outside.
CJE p289
A. Penal enhancement
B. Penal austerity
C. Penal dichotomy
D. Penal norms
B. Penal austerity
Regarding conditions of confinement, the conditions of confinement should not be such that the basic dignity of the inmate is jeopardized through humiliation, intimidation or ____.
CJE p290
A. Exploitation
B. Embarassment
C. Suffering
D. Ridicule
A. Exploitation
Regarding Prisons as Punishment and Abolition, McLeod states that “..abolition involves developing a network of alternative ______ that are not penal in nature and an ethic that recognizes the moral wrong inherent with any action that includes caging, chaining, or controlling people by penal force.
CJE p291
A. Systematic framework
B. Criminal justice framework
C. Regulatory framework
D. Institutional framework
C. Regulatory framework
A position one occupies in a hierarchy of such positions, each of which has attached to it different levels of power and prestige. It can be ascribed or achieved.
CJE p4
A. role
B. position
C. status
D. place
C. status
The study of ethics is divided into three major areas. Which of the following is not one of the three areas?
CJE p7
A. Metaethics
B. Experienced ethics
C. Normative ethics
D. Applied ethics
B. Experienced ethics
_______ involves the study of the origin, meeting, and logic behind the principles that shape ethics. It also examines abstract, notions such as whether there are universal truths.
CJE p7
A. Professional ethics
B. Normative ethics
C. Metaethics
D. Applied ethics
C. Metaethics
_______ ethics tries to develop standards for morally acceptable conduct and uses logic and reason to justify standards.
CJE p7
A. Professional
B. Normative
C. Metaethics
D. Applied
B. Normative
(The Golden Rule)
_______ ethics examines, specific controversial issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, eating meat, or capital punishment.
CJE p7
A. Professional
B. Normative
C. Metaethics
D. Applied
D. Applied
________ ethics is involved with developing rules and standards concerning the behavior of people who are professionals, such as doctors and lawyers.
CJE p7
A. Professional
B. Normative
C. Metaethics
D. Applied
A. Professional
Psychologist suggest that people are moral for several reasons. Which of the following is not one of the reasons listed?
CJE 9
A. Fear of punishment
B. Desire for praise
C. To appear dignified
D. To understand happiness
D. To understand happiness
*achieve happiness, simply fit in with the group
Which of the following is not one of the three major systems of normative ethics?
CJE p10
A. Virtue ethics
B. Moral ethics
C. Deontological ethics
D. Teleological ethics
B. Moral ethics
Which of the following is not one of the core (cardinal) virtues, identified by Plato?
CJE p12
A. Honesty
B. Wisdom
C. Courage
D. Justice
A. Honesty
* 4th = temperance
Virtue theory also stresses that virtuous characteristics developed through moral education, especially during ___________ .
CJE p12
A. adolescents
B. adulthood
C. childhood
D. prepubescents
C. childhood
All of the following are reasons why professional ethics are important, except.
CJE p15-16
A. Most professionals have an informational advantage over their clients and it ensures that the professional does not exploit the client’s trust.
B. When professionals are new and inexperienced, it provides direction for what to watch out for and tell them what to do.
C. It outlines their obligations to their profession (ie medicine, law)
D. Serves as a countervailing (balance) to organizational influence or the power of authority.
C. It outlines their obligations to their profession (ie medicine, law)
** Play a role in disciplining those who engage in unethical conduct
The systematic study of what is right and wrong.
CJE p16
A. Morality
B. Ethics
C. Mores
D. Folkways
B. Ethics
Includes reflections on the moral rules, including justification for them
The statement, by Milton Rokeach, “an enduring organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct or end-states along a continuum of importance.” describes what?
CJE p18
A. Belief system
B. Value system
C. Moral system
D. Ethics system
B. Value system
Using the value-predisposition perspective, research has identified several values consistent with police officers, they include the following, except?
CJE p19
A. work having social significance
B. “The Nobel Cause”
C. Utilitarianism
D. Authority over others
D. Authority over others
** see their work as being important or having a point and crime fighting
The following value perspective suggests that through socialization, an agency “fuses” the practitioner to the organization by providing him or her “the rules, perspectives, prescriptions, techniques, and tools necessary to participate in the organization”.
CJE p19
A. Values-learned perspective
B. Values-predisposition perspective
C. Occupational career
D. Value-indoctrination perspective
A. Values-learned perspective
How the practitioner reacts to the values that she has learned, is known as?
CJE p20
A. Learned values
B. Moral career
C. Occupational career
D. Experienced career
B. Moral career
One way to try and ensure ___________ is through negative sanctions imposed on those engaging in the prescribed behavior.
CJE p22
A. conformity
B. compliance
C. accordance
D. observance
A. conformity
The broad statement that lying is acceptable if and only if the lie does not significantly affect the emotional or physical well-being of the person being lied to. Is an example of a(n) _______________ .
CJE p31
A. Ethical principle
B. Moral principle
C. Value principle
D. All of the above
B. Moral principle
The morally good person is one possessing positive character, traits, called ____________ , and therefore will act in a in accord with them.
CJE p31
A. values
B. morals
C. virtues
D. ethics
C. virtues
The concept of __ is certainly the most significant contribution of psychology to behavioral economics.
TFS p300
A. risk aversion
B. loss aversion
C. gain propensity
D. loss propensity
B. loss aversion
Ethical egoism has criticisms that have been argued. Which of the following is not one of those criticisms?
CJE p33
A. Pursuing one’s personal “greatest good” often conflicts with another’s pursuit of their greatest good
B. Personal self interest outweighs consequences
C. It cannot resolve inherent contradictory obligations
D. Treating people differently without justification
D. Personal self interest outweighs consequences
Proponents of act utilitarianism, identify justifications for their theory. Which of the following is not one of their justifications.
CJE p34
A. The theory calls for one to maximize the overall (net) utility of behavior
B. The theory rejects rigid “rule-based moralities” that identify whole classes of actions as right or wrong, but also provide exceptions.
C. The theory “shows how moral questions can be objectively true answers.”
D. The theory requires impartiality and equal consideration of all peoples needs and interests.
D. The theory requires impartiality and equal consideration of all peoples needs and interests.
Fixed rules, generate greater utility because they prevent more disutility than they create.
CJE p36
A. Act Utilitarianism
B. Rule Utilitarianism
C. Ethical Egoism
D. None of the above
B. Rule Utilitarianism
The ___________ is a product of our reason and our needs and wants.
CJE p39
A. Hypothetical imperative.
B. Categorical imperative
C. Moral reasoning
D. Consequential reasoning
B. Categorical imperative
Kant developed four formulations of the categorical imperative (CI).
Which of the following is not one of those formulations?
CJE p39
A. The formula of universal law
B. The formula of humanity has an end in itself
C. The formula of ethical reasoning
D. The formula of the realm of ends
C. The formula of ethical reasoning
- 4th = Formula of autonomy
Critics of the Divine Command Theory have identified certain objections. Which of the following is not one of those objections?
CJE p46
A. “Independence objection”
B. “Divinity objection”
C. “Omnipotence objection”
D. “Omnibenevolence objection”
B. “Divinity objection”
4th = Autonomy objection
5th = religious pluralism objection
_______ is a habit that involves feelings and actions that comprise the middle ground between excess and deficiency.
CJE p52
A. Value
B. Virtue
C. Ethics
D. Morals
B. Virtue
The _____________ consist of human behavior that is the product of free will and rational choice.
CJE p61
A. Ethical arena
B. Moral arena
C. Existential arena
D. Virtual arena
B. Moral arena
In a moral dilemma, where a decision results in the feelings of guilt or remorse, these negative emotions consist of two components, the ___________ and the __________.
CJE p63
A. experiential, cognitive
B. impressionable, real
C. imagined, experienced
D. accepted, denied
A. experiential, cognitive
In prison, _________ may be likened to a commodity, the cost of which is negotiated between inmates and officers, and among officers themselves through informal arrangements, obligations, and relationships.
CJE p77
A. security
B. behavior
C. cooperation
D. order
D. order
When I use the same reasoning to resolve similar cases, the same way, I am engaging in what philosophers call ____________, which is important. It can, for example, influence not only my moral judgments, but also my feelings about morality itself, which leads moral growth.
CJE p93
A. moral reasoning
B. moral dumbfoundedness
C. law of noncontradiction
D. consistency reasoning
D. consistency reasoning
Valid moral arguments include a stated claim in the form of a general moral principle (GMP) and a set of factual claims (FCs) - that in combination are called ________.
CJE p99
A. identified errors
B. principles of moral reasoning
C. normative claims
D. substantiated claims
C. normative claims
As some have suggested, trainees should emerge from the police Academy with certain competencies, including all of the following, except:
CJE p152
A. Excellent marksmanships skills
B. Unbiased decision-making
C. An understanding of diversity
D. Good oral, written, and listening skills
A. Excellent marksmanships skills
*a team orientation is another
In the academy, values-based testing typically involves instructors sharing their experiences with novices via ___________ , or memorable personal experiences that typically include elements of danger, hardship, or adventure.
CJE p152
A. lecture
B. scenarios
C. war stories
D. all of the above
C. war stories
The __________ expressed by trainees during the months of monitoring by the FTO matter at least as much, if not more, then the trainee’s technical competence.
CJE p156
A. ethics
B. views
C. norms
D. values
D. values
Police work is appealing too many because it is _____________ , occurs outdoors, and is socially significant (the “noble cause”).
CJE p157
A. fun
B. challenging
C. nonroutine
D. exciting
C. nonroutine
Enforcement of departmental ethical standards shifts to a system of oversight that includes standard operating procedures (SOPs) and other means (e.g., internal affairs) backed by sanctions. This is how police ethics is __________, not how police ethics is ___________ by officers.
CJE p159
A. formed, reinforced
B. learned, reinforced
C. enforced, learned
D. applied, retained
C. enforced, learned
Stephen Ehlinger identified “core values” of the police culture. Which of the following is not one he identified?
CJE p159
A. “using force”
B. “autonomy”
C. “justice”
D. “discretion”
B. “autonomy”
- others = “time”, “loyalty”, “fringe benefits”
The ____________ position on police receiving gratuities, is that a gratuity is wrong because it constitutes unjustified enrichment for services that are already compensated by the public.
CJE p162
A. Teleological
B. Deontological
C. Virtue based
D. none of the above
B. Deontological
A ___________ orientation to police gratuities is an acceptance of gratuities, is not wrong in itself, but the possible consequences of bias, favoritism, and bribery are overwhelmingly negative. Therefore, accepting any inaugurate activity should be prohibited.
CJE p162
A. Teleological
B. Deontological
C. Virtue based
D. none of the above
A. Teleological
Regarding police gratuities, when mismatches occur in perceptions, it is the perception of the ________ that is critical for categorizing the exchange as ethical.
CJE p163
A. giver
B. recipient
C. outsider
D. policy
B. recipient
There are possible positive and negative aspects to “sting”operations. Which of the following is not a positive aspect?
CJE p182
A. Conviction record is impressive
B. High risk to the personal safety of officers
C. Enhances images of police as “crime fighters”
D. Improves, collaboration between police and prosecutors
B. High risk to the personal safety of officers
The scientist accepts the reality of something she has not personally experienced, or observed, regardless of what others have told her. She accepts this reality because certain standards have been met. Those standards are the rules of scientific ___.
CJE p383
A. Method
B. Inquiry
C. Inquiry
D. Research
B. Inquiry
The courts have concluded that lies, trickery, and deceit used by police interrogators are acceptable if the deception did not _________ a confession.
CJE p186
A. force
B. pressure
C. coerce
D. deny
C. corece
Within Macnish’s framework for ethical surveillance, he argued that for surveillance to be ethical it must first be for a _________ .
CJE p201
A. good reason
B. moral good
C. public safety
D. just cause
D. just cause
Kleinig suggest several possible goals for police ethics training, they include all of the following, except:
CJE p205
A. to increase ethical awareness in policing
B. to reinforce moral resolve in recruits/officers
C. to sensitize the moral resolve of participants
D. to impart Moral expertise
A. to increase ethical awareness in policing
__________ policing can be defined as “any tactic that develops and uses information in advanced analysis to inform forward-thinking crime prevention”.
CJE p209
A. Proactive
B. Prognostic
C. Predictive
D. Productive
C. Predictive
In working collaboratively to dispose of cases, the courtroom work group achieve several goals, including _____________ , reduced uncertainty at sentencing, and shared power.
CJE p218
A. justice
B. efficiency
C. closure
D. results
B. efficiency
Three factors affect the dynamics of the work group: familiarity, similarity, and _____________.
CJE p218
A. trust
B. flexibility
C. stability
D. dexterity
C. stability
In defense counsel’s relationship with clients, counsel should not simply follow _________ procedures learned from previous cases, but instead consider the procedural and investigative steps to take and motions to file relevant in each case.
CJE p232
A. standard
B. given
C. rote
D. obvious
C. rote (mechanical or habitual repetition)
Between 1990 and 2016, the total correctional population grew by about _____ — about 2 million people, or roughly the population of Houston, TX.
CJE p 253
A. 31%
B. 45%
C. 51%
D. 58%
C. 51%
There are multiple theories of justification for punishing criminals. Which of the following is not a theory that was identified?
CJE Ch 9
A. Retributivism Theory
B. Recidivism Theory
C. Rights Forfeiture Theory
D. Utilitarianism Theory
B. B. Recidivism Theory
*4th = Moral Education Theory
Among the 196 United Nations’ recognized countries on this planet, _____ (30%) of them have capital punishment in either law or practice; among Western, industrialized, liberal democracies, the United States is the only one.
CJE p267
A. 38
B. 48
C. 58
D. 68
C. 58
The ethical issues involving correctional officers arise, primarily from their supervisory activities, and include __________ and ________ .
CJE p293
A. excessive force, bribery
B. power, control
C. silence, consent
D. reciprocity, corruption
D. reciprocity, corruption
Good COs possess certain skills that help them overcome the fear and distrust on the part of inmates, and foster respect. Which of the following is not one of the good skills listed?
CJE p293
A. be resilient
B. be selfless
C. be aggressive
D. Be decisive
C. be aggressive
** good communicator, good problem solver, open-minded, dedicated to the position.
About ____ of all prison inmates will be released through mandatory or discretionary parole or end-of-sentence.
CJE p297
A. 75%
B. 80%
C. 90%
D. 95%
D. 95%
Types of prison corruption include all of the following, except:
CJE p300
A. misuse of authority
B. the trafficking and smuggling of contraband
C. theft or embezzlement
D. assisting with plans of escape
D. assisting with plans of escape
Prisons are state operated and administered (typically) by a state-level agency, such as department of corrections, housed in the _______ branch of government.
CJE p308
A. judicial
B. executive
C. legislative
D. penal
B. executive
Beginning in the 1970s state legislatures adopted new sentencing provisions that allowed for the attachment of additional sanctions to probation and parole agreements. These additional punishments are known as _______________ .
CJE p321
A. ethical sanctions
B. rehabilitative sanctions
C. improved sanctions
D. intermediate sanctions
D. intermediate sanctions
Even with the mass incarceration boom of the past 40 years, __________ remains the most common court-imposed criminal sanction for felony offenders in this country.
CJE p322
A. parole
B. community-based-corrections
C. probation
D. judicial reprieve
C. probation
Which supreme court case set a precedent for creating probation statutes across the country?
CJE p323
A. US vs Augustus
B. Gregg vs Georgia
C. ex parte United States
D. none of the above
C. ex parte United States
The American correctional Association recommends ____ hours per year of in-service training for PPOs.
CJE p327
A. 16
B. 24
C. 32
D. 40
D. 40
_________ violations occur in forensic labs when practitioners failed to follow established protocols for analyzing evidence.
CJE 359
A. Legal
B. Regulatory
C. Ethical
D. Professional
C. Ethical
Risk/benefit assessments are concerned with the ___________ and magnitude of possible harm and _____________ benefits.
CJE p389
A. design, expected
B. possible; patent
C. probabilities, anticipated
D. common, reasoned
C. probabilities, anticipated
Which of the following is not a measure used to prevent scientific misconduct during research?
CJE p408
A. training
B. whistleblowing
C. implementing a code of ethics
D. adopting reproducible research tools
C. implementing a code of ethics
- 4th = changing measures of success
