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Psychology C3 > Criminal behaviour- Methods of modifying > Flashcards

Criminal behaviour- Methods of modifying Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways of modifying criminal behaviour?

A

1) Anger management
2) Restorative justice

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2
Q

What is the first method of modifying criminal behaviour?

A

Anger management

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3
Q

What is anger management?

A

A therapeutic programme that involves identifying the signs that trigger anger alongside learning techniques to self-regulate and deal with the situation positively

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4
Q

What is the aim of anger managent?

A

Not to prevent anger, but to recognise and manage it effectively. This can be used in prison to encourage self-awareness and facilitate rehabilitation of the offender

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5
Q

Key points of anger management

A

Cognitive behaviour treatment
Novaco- 3 aims
Stages of anger management- stress inoculation model

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6
Q

Cognitive behaviour treatment
- Novaco

A

Cognitive factors trigger the emotional arousal, anger is often quick to surface in situations that are perceived to be anxiety-inducing or threatening

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7
Q

CBT
What cognitive distortion could this link to?

A

Hostile attribution bias

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8
Q

CBT and AM

A

AM courses are a form of CBT- recognise when they are losing control and develop techniques that bring about conflict resolution
Recognise thought-Reduce emotion- Change behaviour

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9
Q

CBT
What are the short term goals of AM?

A

Reduce anger and aggression in prisons

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10
Q

CBT
What are the long term goals of AM?

A

Reduced re-offending rate and promotes rehabilitation

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11
Q

What are Novaco’s 3 aims for any AM programme?

A

1) Cognitive restructuring
- cognitive triggers
2) Regulation of arousal
- red face, sweaty palms, fight or flight
3) Problem solving skills
- strategic, withdrawal, assertiveness

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12
Q

What are the 3 concepts of the stages of AM stress inoculation model?

A

1) conceptualisation
2) skill acquisition
3) application practise

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13
Q

1) conceptualisation

A
  • offender reflects in past experiences and typical patterns of their anger
  • learn their triggers
  • learn of their interpretations are irrational through therapist input
  • therapist attempts to break the automatic response the offender has
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14
Q

2) Skill acquisition

A

Introduced to a range of techniques and skills to help them deal with anger provoking situation more effectively and rationally
- ‘stop and think’
- cognitive flexibility (alternative interpretations)
- learning relaxation techniques (counting)
- learning communication skills to enable them to deal with conflict assertively and constructively rather than angrily

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15
Q

3) Application practise

A

Given the opportunity to role play and practise their skills
- must be committed and see the role play scenario as real for AM to be effective
successful role play- positive reinforcement from therapist

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16
Q

Evaluation effectiveness: Anger Management
Multidisciplinary approach

A

It acknowledged that offending is a complex social and psychological activity, takes into account many elements
Cognitive- stage1 conceptualisation, learn triggers
Behavioural- stage2 skill acquisition, notice physical changes
Social- stage3 application, practise skill, recognise situations
This makes the methos more holistic
- more effective at reducing criminal behaviour and recidivism rates

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17
Q

Evaluation effectiveness: Anger Management
Research support

A

Taylor and Novaco
- suggest AM programmes are successful in reducing anger, report 75% improvement rates, based on 6vmeta-analysis
Landenberger n Lipsey
- anger control element was significantly related to amount of improvement
X not all R has been positive HOWELLS
x 5 meta-analysis, only moderate benefits of AMP and Law found in his study only 1 person improved
Therefore, cannot draw a definite conclusion as research is contradictory

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18
Q

Evaluation effectiveness: Anger Management
X Attrition rates

A

People may drop out of this treatment because some offenders don’t like to reflect in their style of thinking
HOWELLS AND DAY overcame attrition rates
- assess ‘readiness for change’ before the start of AM rather tan waste time with individuals who won’t benefit from it
- scales to measure anger readiness to change was questionnaire
- AMPs are best as part of a wider therapeutic approach

19
Q

Evaluation effectiveness: Anger Management
X Anger may not cause offending

A

Causal relationship between anger and offending may be false
LOZA AND LOZA-FANOUS
X R has linked crime and anger based on lab experiments using students, 300 males in prison, not differences between violent and non-violent offenders in terms of anger
- do violent individuals mask their anger?
X AM can be harmful, offenders attribute their violent behaviour to anger rather than taking personal responsibility
X much violence can take place without anger acting as a prominent antecedent

20
Q

Evaluation ethics: Anger management
X Voluntary consent

A

Offenders are required to take part on the condition of probation
- against the ethical code of therapists ‘based when appropriate on valid consent’
- balance between costs and benefits, cost of valid consent, weighed against benefits for individuals and society through anger reduction

21
Q

Evaluation ethics: Anger management
X Protection from harm

A

Therapeutic interventions are intended to help the client, when interventions are used in prisons, there are conflicts for a therapist
- have a duty to the institution and their client
- may tell a therapist security threats or details of their crime
- breaching confidence of serious situations
- pose dilemma for therapist, damage clients trust in authority

22
Q

Evaluation social: Anger Management
X Financial factors

A

Expensive as it requires the services of highly trained professionals
X prisons may not have the resources to fund AMPs- ‘postcode lottery’
- the cost of recidivism in the UK for the economy is approximately 9.5billion a year
- if offenders learn to control their anger better, once they are released from prison, this may prevent them from committing further crimes
- reducing HAB would mean negative emotions are less likely to escalate- less recidivism = reduce cost

23
Q

Conclusion for anger management

A

Overall, the evidence presented offers some support to suggest that AMPs reduce the violent behaviour f some offenders. However, as not all crime is violent and not all violence is hostile, AMPs cannot be used in isolation as a method of modifying criminal behaviour

24
Q

What is the 2nd method of modifying criminal behaviour?

A

Restorative justice

25
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

Emerged over the last 25 years
- developed as an alternative to traditional methods of punishment
- used as a substitute for traditional punishments e.g. custodial sentencing
- or as part or alongside

26
Q

What are the key components of restorative justice?

A
  • the offender communicates with their victim
  • focus on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with the victims involving active rather than passive involvement of all parties to repair the relationship
  • offender can see the impact of the crime and acceptance of responsibility
  • empowers the victim by giving them a voice
  • not restricted to court rooms
  • focus on positive outcomes for survivors and offenders
27
Q

What are the 3 sections on restorative justice?

A

1- RJ fulfils 2 key aims of custodial sentencing
2- Who is involved?
3- RJ is flexible and not always face to face interaction

28
Q

1- What are the 2 key aims that RJ fulfills?

A

1) Rehabilitation of offenders
2) Atonement for wrongdoing (retribution)

29
Q

How does RJ rehabilitate the offenders?

A
  • encourages them to take responsibility for their actions
  • when they fully understand how their actions have negatively impacted and affected their victim they can develop empathy and the ability to take the perspective of the victim
  • means they are less likely to offend again in future reducing recidvism
30
Q

Atonement for wrongdoing RJ (retribution)

A

Psychological- offender showing feelings of guilt and remorse which may bring the victim peace
Physical- compensation, money, community work etc

31
Q

2- What do Watchel and McCold say about who is involved in RJ?

A
  • the starting point should be about relationships rather than punishment
  • crime harms people and justice requires harm to be healed
  • early models focus in offender an victim only
  • recent ideas suggest that there are 3 stakeholders
  • victim, offender, community
32
Q

What is a peace circle in RJ?

A
  • facilitate ‘talking piece’
  • hold object, opportunity to discuss perspectives
  • help rebuild the relationship
  • ask questions and respond
33
Q

What are the 3 parts of the model in RJ?

A
  • victim reparation
  • communities of care and reconciliation
  • offender responsibility
34
Q

3- What do different variations of interactions between victim and offender include?

A

Letter or phone calls

35
Q

RJ is flexible key points

A
  • financial restitutions to victim may reflect psychological harm done or physical damage
  • offender may repair damaged property themselves
  • can work as an alternative to custodial sentencing, add on to community service or incentive t have a reduced custodial sentence
  • victims choice- empowerment
36
Q

Effectiveness- Evaluation: Restorative justice
Victim perspective

A

Victim gains voice and a sense of empowerment
SHERMAN AND STRANG
- less likely to develop PTSD or desire revenge, higher rate of victim satisfaction, RJC- 85% satisfaction from face to face
X MIERS ET AL
x skeptical of offenders motives e.g. reduced sentence, direct contact unsettling and intimidating

37
Q

Effectiveness- Evaluation: Restorative justice
Recidivism

A

SHERMAN N STRANG
- adult RJ is more effective than prison sentence for reducing crime
- equally effective for young offenders
X RJC overall recidivism rate after was 37%
x if its as effective for YO, get rid of prisons
x invest public spending into other resources

38
Q

Effectiveness- Evaluation: Restorative justice
X not applicable to all offenders, victim and crimes

A
  • useful in low level crime
    X offender and victim may know each other
    X serious crime such as sexual offences may cause more distress
    X must be handled by senior practitioners with the relevant skills and experience
39
Q

Ethics- Evaluation: Restorative justice
X Psychological harm

A

Offender
X high risk of mental illness, suicide, self harm
X shamed, abuses of power= mutual benefits
Victim
X lower self esteem if they are not taken seriously or do not feel as though the offender is showing any empathy
Professionals
X not experts in MI
X limited follow up for v and o
X harm unrecorded and untreated, long term negative effect

40
Q

Ethics-Evaluation: Restorative justice
X Free will

A

Offender
X key principles is that it needs to be voluntary
X may feel forced if they are offered a reduced sentence in return for their cooperation
Victim
X if they know the person
X may feel pressured into taking part if the offender had initiated it

41
Q

Social implications of RJ
- Wider approach to the community

A
  • harms victims family, their social circle
  • offender’s social group and family
    RJ can help heal these harms and benefit the community at large not just the victim and offender
42
Q

Social implications of RJ
- Wider approach to the community
Peace circles

A

Victim, offender, community
- environment of respect and mutual understanding
Pranis- ‘keeper’, task to maintain atmosphere of respect and articulate constructive solutions
Wilson- ‘circles of support’, give community support to offenders, prevent re-offedning by not excluding them

43
Q

Social implications of RJ
- financial

A

Shapland- every £1 spent on RJ would save the CJS £8 through reduced levels of recidivism
- can be paid for using the fines paid by criminals
X unskilled and experienced individual needed to act as a mediator, may have practicality issues
X high attrition rates, is it the most cost-effective solution

Psychology C3 (10 decks)

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