crime prevention (social) Flashcards
What are the three pieces of background research?
1- defensible space
2- broken windows
3- zero-tolerance policy
what is defensible space?
- physical characteristics of an enviro that ensures security
- examples = courtyards or fences
- Newman’s research = projects in NYC (Brownsville and Van Dyke) - Brownsville found less crime due to defensible space features
- 4 factors of defensible space= 1- zone of territorial influence 2- opportunities for surveillance 3- image 4- milieu (surroundings)
What are the evaluations of defensible space?
1- reductionist
2- ethnocentric
3- very useful
what is broken windows theory?
- crime stems from disorders
- physical disorder = graffiti, vandalism, and littering
- social disorder = drug use, public intoxication, prostituiton
- Wilson and Kelling = prevalence of disorder creates fear = less challenges to crime = increase crime & only police can maintain public cohesion and order
what are the evaluations of broken windows theory?
1- reductionist
2- ethnocentric
3- deterministic
4- very useful
what is zero-tolerance policy?
- making it a priority to crack down on minor crimes e.g., fare dodging or begging to reduce escalation to serious crimes
- William Bratton in NYC decreased serious crime by 25% in 2 years (for 5 consecutive years) by adding more police in subways to reduce fare dodging
what is the evaluation for zero-tolerance policy?
its very useful BUT not a long term solution
What are neighbourhoods?
the physical and social environment where individuals live and how it can influence behaviour, attitudes and wellbeing
what is policing?
preventing crime before it happens
what is crime prevention?
strategies used to reduce crime
what are community controls?
mechanisms of surveillance and regulation
