crime prevention Flashcards
state the 3 crime prevention strategies
- situational crime prevention
- environmental crime prevention
- social and community crime prevention
explain situational crime prevention
relies on reducing opportunities for crime and making it harder to commit crime
three features:
-directed at specific crimes
-they involve managing/altering the immediate environment of crime
-aim to increase the effort and risks of committing crime (rational choice theory)
state and explain Clarke’s 3 scp measures
target hardening: more personal security like locking doors and installing alarms
greater surveillance: CCTV and neighbourhood watch increase the chance of criminals being caught
environmental management: public space needs to be more defensible eg: car parks should be more secure
AO2 SCP: surveillance
active monitoring: people monitoring cameras in real time
passive monitoring: systems that regularly scan an area and produce a record that will be examined later
Welsh and Farrington estimated that for every 100 crimes, an average of 16 crimes were prevented by CCTV
AO2 SCP: MET facial recognition
able to identify wanted criminals and create a database of facial images
they trialled live facial recognition (LFR) > ten trials in London
AO3 situational crime prevention
Chaiken et al found that a crackdown on subway robberies in New York displaced
state and explain the 5 types of displacement
spatial > committing crime elsewhere
temporal > committing crime at a different time
target > choosing a different victim
tactical > using a different method
functional > committing a different type of crime
AO3: counter for displacement
CCTV doesn’t prevent crime but it can help to solve it
eg: Naomi Omi case
AO3 scp
right realist strategy as its based on harder targets and increasing the chance of criminals getting caught
focuses on opportunistic petty crime and ignores corporate and state crime
strategy is based on the principle of rational choice but all crime is not a rational decision
ignores the root causes of crime like poverty and poor socialisation so its hard to find long-term solutions
explain environmental crime prevention
inspired by broken window theory
relies on social control to prevent crime
where can environmental crime prevention be applied to real life
public housing estates
there are likely to have issues like graffiti, drugs and vandalism]
this is because residents don’t take responsibility for common areas so anti-social elements take over
what does ASBO stand for
anti-social behaviour orders
AO2 ecp: ASBO’S
anti-social behaviour orders were introduced in 2003 to limit and control deviant individuals
they worked by:
putting a curfew on an individual
banning them from certain places
in 2014 the asb, crime and policing act replaced ASBO’S and included:
-injunctions (prohibits behaviour)
-criminal behaviour orders (stops court ordered behaviour)
-powers of dispersal of groups within local places
-the closure of premises where anti-social or criminal behaviour is witnessed
AO2: zero-tolerance policy
Wilson and Kelling identify two solutions:
-environmental improvement strategy > broken windows to be repaired, abandoned cars to be towed, parents punished for children’s behaviour
-zero-tolerance policing > low-level crime should be taken seriously, ‘three strikes you’re out’ policies, people could get serious sentences for repeated minor offences
was adopted in New York from 1993 to 1996 and all types of crime declined drastically
AO3: zero-tolerance policy
it impacted minorities like black and latin americans more than it did the majority white population
poor black people would get arrested for public drunkenness or jay-walking while m/c students doing the same thing were tolerated
