Crime Names Flashcards
Durkheim
Functionalism
Occurs during period of normlessness/anomie
Inevitable, normal and universal in healthy societies as it allows for:
- Boundary Maintenance - Reinforces value consensus and social order
- Adaptation and Change - Creates positive social change as it challenges social order
But how much crime is the right amount?
Davis
Functionalism
Safety valve - that protects societies institutions
Eg: Relieving stress which maintains social order
A.K Cohen
Functionalism
A warning sign - Indicate an institution is not working effectively
Eg Too much vandalism shows a problem is emerging in society
Merton
Functionalism
Strain Theory - People engage with crime when they cannot achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means
Not all social groups can achieve these goals so there is a ‘strain’ between cultural goals and the means of which these groups achieve them (criminal activity) - 5 main adaptations to common goals:
- Conformists - Accept goals and means of achieving them
- Ritualists - Lose belief in goals but stick to means
- Retreatists - Withdraw from society as given up with goals and means
- Innovators - Accept goals but reject means
- Rebels - Reject goals and means and replace them with alternatives
Albert Cohen
Functionalism
Says Merton ignores non-utilitarian (non-material crime) eg: vandalism
Crime occurs due to Status Frustration - working class boys face anomie, are culturally deprived and lack skills to achieve (bottom of status hierarchy
Reject mainstream values and involve in ‘delinquent activities’
Cloward and Ohlin
Functionalism + Subcultures
3 criminal subcultures:
- Criminal - Neighbourhoods with long-standing criminal culture and hierarchy
- Conflict - Arise in high population areas that prevent stable professional criminal network developing - crime a release of frustration
- Retreatist - Failing at legitimate and illegitimate opportunities revert to ‘drop out’ cultures - illegal drugs
Miller
Subcultures
Delinquency culture based on class - clear hierarchy of values
WC socialised into deviance due to focal concerns:
- Fate - WC males fatalistic about life - ‘whatever happens happens’
- Excitement - WC leisure was only way to have fun and express self - deviance
- Autonomy - Inter personal respect
- Smartness - Ability to look good
- Trouble - Identify quickly
- Toughness - Ability to handle trouble
Matza
Subcultures
Younger people and deviance
Subterranean values:
- Enjoying Yourself
- Acting on spur of the moment
- Self Expression
- Being Aggressive
- Seeking Excitement
Use neutralisation to justify actions:
- Denial of Responsibility
- Denial of Victim
- Denial of Injury
- Condemnation of Condemners (feel they are being picked on)
- Appeal to High Loyalties - other issues more important
Wilson and Herrnstein
Right Realism
Biological Differences - Personality traits such as aggressiveness + low IQ
Murray and Dennis
Right Realism
Inadequate Socialisation in ‘Underclass’:
Welfare dependency and lone mothers leading to children not being socialised properly (Murray)
Traditional socialisation decrease and crime increase (Dennis)
Clarke
Right Realism
Rational Choice Theory
Humans rational beings with free will who will most likely offend when rewards outweighs costs
Wilson and Kelling
Right Realism
Broken Window Thesis
Deterioration of neighbourhood leads to offending
Marx
Marxism
Capitalism is criminogenic - it causes crime - exploitation of WC gives way to them rebelling
Laws used by ruling class to keep working class at bay
Release of frustration and aggression
Seeking of products
Caused by Alienation - demeaning uncreative work
Gordon
Marxism
Rational response to capitalism
Becomes a working class problem - justify ruling class control
Chambliss
Marxism
Organised crime - controlled by small elite groups in businesses, political communities and even police
But police time is spent on dealing with minor public offenses
Pearce
Marxism
Laws perform Ideological Functions - values of ruling class
Even laws that benefit WC also benefit ruling class too (eg: workplace health laws keep workers fit for work)
Box
Marxism
Selective Law Enforcement
Convicted end up being disproportionally young, male, working class and black
Mystification - crimes of small powerless group convicted whilst wealthy and powerful crimes neglected - social control
Criminalisation - WC activities become stereotypically criminalised, such as their cultural values and identities etc
Taylor, Walton and Young
Neo Marxism
Should study:
- Wider origins of deviant acts
- Immediate origins of deviant acts
- Act itself meaning
- Immediate origins of social reaction
- Wider origins of social reaction of capitalist society
- Effects of labelling on deviants future actions
Gilroy
Neo Marxism
Young black criminals motivated by discovery of history of slavery and colonialism AND experience of racism and police harassment
Hall
Neo Marxism
Moral Panics (negative reaction to a crime occurring)
Product of mass media (who are owned by ruling class state) exaggeration
Eg: Mugging in the 1970s presented as crime of black criminals on white victims
Young, Lea and Matthews
Left Realism
Young - Moved from Marxist approach as saw them as painting criminals as victims
The 3 identified 3 elements and causes of crime:
- Relative Deprivation - Feeling of deprivation compared to others - Not directly state of poverty or unemployment that causes crime but the feeling of being inferior to others and feeling of resentment of what they could have
- Marginalisation - Certain groups being more likely to suffer from deprivation than others - 3 Elements: (Younger people living in) Inner Cities; Social Housing Estates; AND political marginalisation - lack of ability to influence decision makers (powerlessness)
- Subcultures
Left Realism
Square of Crime
- Victims
- Offenders
- Reactions of State
- Reactions of Public
How do they Interact?
Left Realism
Solutions to Crime/Crime Prevention
Improve police relationship to local communities
- Community policing
- Community service
- CCTV
- Ethnic Minority police officers
- Community centres
AND
Multi Agency Approach
- Involve:
- Social Services
- Housing Departments
- Schools
- Leisure Services
BUT:
Major Structural Changes Needed
- Deal with inequality of opportunity
- Unfairness of rewards
- Tackle Discrimination
- Provide decent jobs
- Improve housing
Becker
Labelling
Moral Entrepreneurs - those who make laws that lead a ‘moral crusade’ to benefit those to who it applies
This:
Creates outsiders - outlaws or deviants who break the new rule
Expansion of Social control agencies - Enforce rule and impose labels on offenders
Circourel
Labelling
Officer Typifications - Arrest based on Stereotypes of offenders
Law Enforcement in Class Bias
Negotiation of Justice - Middle class can negotiate and talk their way out of trouble
Lemert
Labelling
Primary and Secondary Deviance
Primary - Not publicly labelled, Not organised, Rationalised as ‘moments of madness’
Secondary - Publicly labelled, Organised, Labelling Result of societal reaction - humiliation, shame, hostility, stigma etc
- This causes this label to become deviants ‘master status’, resulting in ‘deviant career’
Jock Young
Labelling
Hippy marijuana users in Nottingham
Secondary Deviance and Deviant Careers
Labelling by police and persecution led them to believe they were outsiders
Retreated into closed groups where they began to develop deviant subcultures that’s central activity was drug usage
Stanley Cohen
Labelling
Deviance Amplification
‘Folk Devils and Moral Panics’
Reaction to ‘mods and rockers’
Press exaggeration created moral panics (public concern), causing police to arrest more youths and courts gave harsher penalties
This lead to Deviance Amplification - Deviants rebelled, confirming medias initial reaction and provoking more public concern
Lemert
Mental Illness
Paranoia
Primary deviance causes people to be labelled as odd and to be excluded - causes secondary deviance
Goffman
Mental Illness
Asylum inmates has ‘total institution’ in hospital
Lead to mortification of self - killed old identity and replaced with ‘inmate identity’
Through varies ‘degradation rituals’
Gerbner et al
Media
Fear or Crime
Media exaggerate violent and unusual crime + risks
Causes distortion of perception
Also found that heavy TV users were even more scared of crime - Don’t leave house as much and escape fear with TV, exposing more to exaggerations
Felson
Media
Media:
- Over represents violent and sexual crime
- Exaggerates police success
- Overplay extraordinary and underplay ordinary
Media Causing Crime
Imitation - Copycat behaviour
Arousal
Desensitisation
Glamourises offending
Transmits criminal techniques
Stimulates desire for unaffordable goods
Fictional Representations of Crime
Property crime underrepresented
Violent, sexual and drug crimes are overrepresented
Fictional police success
Fictional villains have been me to be high status middle aged white men
Fictional sex crimes perpetrated by psychopathic strangers, not acquaintances
News Values
Immediacy
Dramatisation
Personalisation
High Status People
Celebrities
Simplification
Risk and Violence
Novelty and Unexpectedness
Chivalary Thesis
Gender
For:
- Criminal Justice Agents are typically Men
- More Lenience With Women
- Men Protective of Women
Against:
- 408 theft offences by women
- Women more likely to be prosecuted for shoplifting
Messerschmidt
Gender
Normative Masculinity
Men have to constantly work on masculinity, typically through control of women
3 groups:
- White MC Males - Develop Accommodating Masculinity (through emasculating school that makes boys be subservient to teachers), but then also develop Opposing Masculinity outside, by engaging in pranks and excessive drinking
- White WC Males - Experience emasculating school but denied academic success also, so turn to physical aggression and violence - to be seen as tough and oppose authority
- Black LC Males - Struggle to find stable employment, Increased risk of poverty - Express masculinity in ‘the street’ via violence and crime - Use gang membership and violence to make them more masculine
Winlow
Gender + Postmodernism
Loss of Manual Jobs for WC Males
Were then provided:
- Legal Employment
- Wider Criminal Opportunities
- OR ‘Night Time Economy’
The latter provided both paid legal work and paid illegal business ventures, and an opportunity to demonstrate their masculinity
Heidensohn
Gender
Double Deviance
Found that women were treated harsher in courts as they broke the law AND traditional gender norms
Women also strikingly ‘conformist’ (Patriarchy, but also lowers their crime rates)
- At Home - Domestic Role
- In Public - Fear Male Violence
- At Work - Male Managers
But, Actions purely determined by external forces?
Adler
Gender
Women likely to commit more crime as they are liberated from patriarchy
Expects likely similar frequencies to male crime
But, female crime rose before 1950s, before female liberation
Carlen
Gender
Control Theory
Humans act rationally and are controlled by ‘deals’:
- Class Deal - Women who work offered material rewards and decent standard of living
- Gender Deal - Promised material and emotional benefits of family if women conform to conventional domestic role
Explanations for Low Female Offending
Gender
Lombroso and Ferrero - Biological - Criminality innate and very few ‘born female criminals’ - Links crime to testosterone levels
Parsons - Sex Role Theory - Boys socialised to be tougher and more aggressive, Women socialised to be domestic in nuclear family
Heidensohn - Patriarchal Control - Control Theory 3 Places
Lea and Young
Ethnicity and Left Realism
Accept official statistics
They factor in cases brought to attention by public as well
Difficult to believe all is due to police crimination
Hall et al
Ethnicity + Neo Marxism
Selective releasing of official statistics
To show young black Britons involvement in street crime
Gilroy
Ethnicity + Neo Marxism
Crime as political resistance against a racist society
Holdaway
Ethnicity + Interactionism
Routine Policing
Arrest certain stereotyped groups to speed up process and cope with workload - Black WC Youths
MacPherson Report
Ethnicity + Interactionism
Institutional Racism
Police questioned black person involved and didn’t go straight after obvious white offenders AND didn’t help dying MacPherson
Castells
Globalisation
Global Criminal Economy
Worth over $1 Trillion
Young
Globalisation
Spread of capitalism into developing and low develops countries as well
Capitalism continues to cause crime worldwide
Rothe et al
Globalisation
TNCs impose capitalist ideologies on developing nations
Wilson and Kelling
Rifht Realism
Crime Prevention
Zero Tolerance
Crack down on all crime, no matter how minor
Felson
Right Realism
Crime Prevention
Situational Crime Prevention - Reducing Opportunity for Crime
Target Hardening - Increasing difficulty for crime
Foucault
Crime Prevention
Survelliancd
Sovereign Power - Pre-Modern - Exercise of physical power for punishment and punishment visible (execution)
Disciplinary Power - Surveillance - Govern Body and Mind
Mathiesen
Crime Prevention
Surveillance (Modern)
Synopticon - Everyone watches everyone
Functionalism
View of Punisment
Punishment Should
Reduce and Prevent Future Crime, by:
- Deterrence
- Rehabilitation
- Incapacitation - removed capacity to reoffend
And
Retribution - Offender should ‘pay back’ to society for breaching moral code
Marxism
View on Punishment
Punishment is a “Repressive State Apparatus” that defends Bourgeoise property
Imprisonment causes offenders to ‘pay’ by ‘doing time’ as ‘time is money’ in capitalist society
Taylor
Globalisation
Created inequality and rising crime
Has allowed TNCs to switch to low-wage countries (job insecurity, unemployment and poverty)
Deregulation - government can’t create jobs or raise taxes themselves
Marketisation - Individual consumption prioritised
Hobbs and Dunningham
Globalisation
Globalised criminal organisations
Green Crime
Beck - Risk Society - Environmental Damage
White - Human Needs vs Ecocentric
State Crime
Green and Ward - Genocide, War Crimes, Assassination, Torture etc
McLaughlin - 4 Categories: Political (Corruption/Censorship), Security (Genocide, Torture), Economic (Violation of Health and Safety Laws) Social and Cultural (Institutional Racism)
