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Crime Names Flashcards

1
Q

Durkheim
Functionalism

A

Occurs during period of normlessness/anomie
Inevitable, normal and universal in healthy societies as it allows for:
- Boundary Maintenance - Reinforces value consensus and social order
- Adaptation and Change - Creates positive social change as it challenges social order

But how much crime is the right amount?

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2
Q

Davis
Functionalism

A

Safety valve - that protects societies institutions
Eg: Relieving stress which maintains social order

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3
Q

A.K Cohen
Functionalism

A

A warning sign - Indicate an institution is not working effectively
Eg Too much vandalism shows a problem is emerging in society

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4
Q

Merton
Functionalism

A

Strain Theory - People engage with crime when they cannot achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means
Not all social groups can achieve these goals so there is a ‘strain’ between cultural goals and the means of which these groups achieve them (criminal activity) - 5 main adaptations to common goals:
- Conformists - Accept goals and means of achieving them
- Ritualists - Lose belief in goals but stick to means
- Retreatists - Withdraw from society as given up with goals and means
- Innovators - Accept goals but reject means
- Rebels - Reject goals and means and replace them with alternatives

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5
Q

Albert Cohen
Functionalism

A

Says Merton ignores non-utilitarian (non-material crime) eg: vandalism
Crime occurs due to Status Frustration - working class boys face anomie, are culturally deprived and lack skills to achieve (bottom of status hierarchy
Reject mainstream values and involve in ‘delinquent activities’

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6
Q

Cloward and Ohlin
Functionalism + Subcultures

A

3 criminal subcultures:
- Criminal - Neighbourhoods with long-standing criminal culture and hierarchy
- Conflict - Arise in high population areas that prevent stable professional criminal network developing - crime a release of frustration
- Retreatist - Failing at legitimate and illegitimate opportunities revert to ‘drop out’ cultures - illegal drugs

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7
Q

Miller
Subcultures

A

Delinquency culture based on class - clear hierarchy of values
WC socialised into deviance due to focal concerns:
- Fate - WC males fatalistic about life - ‘whatever happens happens’
- Excitement - WC leisure was only way to have fun and express self - deviance
- Autonomy - Inter personal respect
- Smartness - Ability to look good
- Trouble - Identify quickly
- Toughness - Ability to handle trouble

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8
Q

Matza
Subcultures

A

Younger people and deviance
Subterranean values:
- Enjoying Yourself
- Acting on spur of the moment
- Self Expression
- Being Aggressive
- Seeking Excitement
Use neutralisation to justify actions:
- Denial of Responsibility
- Denial of Victim
- Denial of Injury
- Condemnation of Condemners (feel they are being picked on)
- Appeal to High Loyalties - other issues more important

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9
Q

Wilson and Herrnstein
Right Realism

A

Biological Differences - Personality traits such as aggressiveness + low IQ

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10
Q

Murray and Dennis
Right Realism

A

Inadequate Socialisation in ‘Underclass’:
Welfare dependency and lone mothers leading to children not being socialised properly (Murray)
Traditional socialisation decrease and crime increase (Dennis)

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11
Q

Clarke
Right Realism

A

Rational Choice Theory
Humans rational beings with free will who will most likely offend when rewards outweighs costs

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12
Q

Wilson and Kelling
Right Realism

A

Broken Window Thesis
Deterioration of neighbourhood leads to offending

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13
Q

Marx
Marxism

A

Capitalism is criminogenic - it causes crime - exploitation of WC gives way to them rebelling
Laws used by ruling class to keep working class at bay
Release of frustration and aggression
Seeking of products
Caused by Alienation - demeaning uncreative work

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14
Q

Gordon
Marxism

A

Rational response to capitalism
Becomes a working class problem - justify ruling class control

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15
Q

Chambliss
Marxism

A

Organised crime - controlled by small elite groups in businesses, political communities and even police
But police time is spent on dealing with minor public offenses

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16
Q

Pearce
Marxism

A

Laws perform Ideological Functions - values of ruling class
Even laws that benefit WC also benefit ruling class too (eg: workplace health laws keep workers fit for work)

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17
Q

Box
Marxism

A

Selective Law Enforcement
Convicted end up being disproportionally young, male, working class and black
Mystification - crimes of small powerless group convicted whilst wealthy and powerful crimes neglected - social control
Criminalisation - WC activities become stereotypically criminalised, such as their cultural values and identities etc

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18
Q

Taylor, Walton and Young
Neo Marxism

A

Should study:
- Wider origins of deviant acts
- Immediate origins of deviant acts
- Act itself meaning
- Immediate origins of social reaction
- Wider origins of social reaction of capitalist society
- Effects of labelling on deviants future actions

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19
Q

Gilroy
Neo Marxism

A

Young black criminals motivated by discovery of history of slavery and colonialism AND experience of racism and police harassment

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20
Q

Hall
Neo Marxism

A

Moral Panics (negative reaction to a crime occurring)
Product of mass media (who are owned by ruling class state) exaggeration
Eg: Mugging in the 1970s presented as crime of black criminals on white victims

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21
Q

Young, Lea and Matthews
Left Realism

A

Young - Moved from Marxist approach as saw them as painting criminals as victims

The 3 identified 3 elements and causes of crime:
- Relative Deprivation - Feeling of deprivation compared to others - Not directly state of poverty or unemployment that causes crime but the feeling of being inferior to others and feeling of resentment of what they could have
- Marginalisation - Certain groups being more likely to suffer from deprivation than others - 3 Elements: (Younger people living in) Inner Cities; Social Housing Estates; AND political marginalisation - lack of ability to influence decision makers (powerlessness)
- Subcultures

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22
Q

Left Realism
Square of Crime

A
  • Victims
  • Offenders
  • Reactions of State
  • Reactions of Public
    How do they Interact?
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23
Q

Left Realism
Solutions to Crime/Crime Prevention

A

Improve police relationship to local communities
- Community policing
- Community service
- CCTV
- Ethnic Minority police officers
- Community centres
AND
Multi Agency Approach
- Involve:
- Social Services
- Housing Departments
- Schools
- Leisure Services
BUT:
Major Structural Changes Needed
- Deal with inequality of opportunity
- Unfairness of rewards
- Tackle Discrimination
- Provide decent jobs
- Improve housing

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24
Q

Becker
Labelling

A

Moral Entrepreneurs - those who make laws that lead a ‘moral crusade’ to benefit those to who it applies
This:
Creates outsiders - outlaws or deviants who break the new rule
Expansion of Social control agencies - Enforce rule and impose labels on offenders

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25
Circourel Labelling
Officer Typifications - Arrest based on Stereotypes of offenders Law Enforcement in Class Bias Negotiation of Justice - Middle class can negotiate and talk their way out of trouble
26
Lemert Labelling
Primary and Secondary Deviance Primary - Not publicly labelled, Not organised, Rationalised as ‘moments of madness’ Secondary - Publicly labelled, Organised, Labelling Result of societal reaction - humiliation, shame, hostility, stigma etc - This causes this label to become deviants ‘master status’, resulting in ‘deviant career’
27
Jock Young Labelling
Hippy marijuana users in Nottingham Secondary Deviance and Deviant Careers Labelling by police and persecution led them to believe they were outsiders Retreated into closed groups where they began to develop deviant subcultures that’s central activity was drug usage
28
Stanley Cohen Labelling
Deviance Amplification ‘Folk Devils and Moral Panics’ Reaction to ‘mods and rockers’ Press exaggeration created moral panics (public concern), causing police to arrest more youths and courts gave harsher penalties This lead to Deviance Amplification - Deviants rebelled, confirming medias initial reaction and provoking more public concern
29
Lemert Mental Illness
Paranoia Primary deviance causes people to be labelled as odd and to be excluded - causes secondary deviance
30
Goffman Mental Illness
Asylum inmates has ‘total institution’ in hospital Lead to mortification of self - killed old identity and replaced with ‘inmate identity’ Through varies ‘degradation rituals’
31
Gerbner et al Media
Fear or Crime Media exaggerate violent and unusual crime + risks Causes distortion of perception Also found that heavy TV users were even more scared of crime - Don’t leave house as much and escape fear with TV, exposing more to exaggerations
32
Felson Media
Media: - Over represents violent and sexual crime - Exaggerates police success - Overplay extraordinary and underplay ordinary
33
Media Causing Crime
Imitation - Copycat behaviour Arousal Desensitisation Glamourises offending Transmits criminal techniques Stimulates desire for unaffordable goods
34
Fictional Representations of Crime
Property crime underrepresented Violent, sexual and drug crimes are overrepresented Fictional police success Fictional villains have been me to be high status middle aged white men Fictional sex crimes perpetrated by psychopathic strangers, not acquaintances
35
News Values
Immediacy Dramatisation Personalisation High Status People Celebrities Simplification Risk and Violence Novelty and Unexpectedness
36
Chivalary Thesis Gender
For: - Criminal Justice Agents are typically Men - More Lenience With Women - Men Protective of Women Against: - 408 theft offences by women - Women more likely to be prosecuted for shoplifting
37
Messerschmidt Gender
Normative Masculinity Men have to constantly work on masculinity, typically through control of women 3 groups: - White MC Males - Develop Accommodating Masculinity (through emasculating school that makes boys be subservient to teachers), but then also develop Opposing Masculinity outside, by engaging in pranks and excessive drinking - White WC Males - Experience emasculating school but denied academic success also, so turn to physical aggression and violence - to be seen as tough and oppose authority - Black LC Males - Struggle to find stable employment, Increased risk of poverty - Express masculinity in ‘the street’ via violence and crime - Use gang membership and violence to make them more masculine
38
Winlow Gender + Postmodernism
Loss of Manual Jobs for WC Males Were then provided: - Legal Employment - Wider Criminal Opportunities - OR ‘Night Time Economy’ The latter provided both paid legal work and paid illegal business ventures, and an opportunity to demonstrate their masculinity
39
Heidensohn Gender
Double Deviance Found that women were treated harsher in courts as they broke the law AND traditional gender norms Women also strikingly ‘conformist’ (Patriarchy, but also lowers their crime rates) - At Home - Domestic Role - In Public - Fear Male Violence - At Work - Male Managers But, Actions purely determined by external forces?
40
Adler Gender
Women likely to commit more crime as they are liberated from patriarchy Expects likely similar frequencies to male crime But, female crime rose before 1950s, before female liberation
41
Carlen Gender
Control Theory Humans act rationally and are controlled by ‘deals’: - Class Deal - Women who work offered material rewards and decent standard of living - Gender Deal - Promised material and emotional benefits of family if women conform to conventional domestic role
42
Explanations for Low Female Offending Gender
Lombroso and Ferrero - Biological - Criminality innate and very few ‘born female criminals’ - Links crime to testosterone levels Parsons - Sex Role Theory - Boys socialised to be tougher and more aggressive, Women socialised to be domestic in nuclear family Heidensohn - Patriarchal Control - Control Theory 3 Places
43
Lea and Young Ethnicity and Left Realism
Accept official statistics They factor in cases brought to attention by public as well Difficult to believe all is due to police crimination
44
Hall et al Ethnicity + Neo Marxism
Selective releasing of official statistics To show young black Britons involvement in street crime
45
Gilroy Ethnicity + Neo Marxism
Crime as political resistance against a racist society
46
Holdaway Ethnicity + Interactionism
Routine Policing Arrest certain stereotyped groups to speed up process and cope with workload - Black WC Youths
47
MacPherson Report Ethnicity + Interactionism
Institutional Racism Police questioned black person involved and didn’t go straight after obvious white offenders AND didn’t help dying MacPherson
48
Castells Globalisation
Global Criminal Economy Worth over $1 Trillion
49
Young Globalisation
Spread of capitalism into developing and low develops countries as well Capitalism continues to cause crime worldwide
50
Rothe et al Globalisation
TNCs impose capitalist ideologies on developing nations
51
Wilson and Kelling Rifht Realism Crime Prevention
Zero Tolerance Crack down on all crime, no matter how minor
52
Felson Right Realism Crime Prevention
Situational Crime Prevention - Reducing Opportunity for Crime Target Hardening - Increasing difficulty for crime
53
Foucault Crime Prevention Survelliancd
Sovereign Power - Pre-Modern - Exercise of physical power for punishment and punishment visible (execution) Disciplinary Power - Surveillance - Govern Body and Mind
54
Mathiesen Crime Prevention Surveillance (Modern)
Synopticon - Everyone watches everyone
55
Functionalism View of Punisment
Punishment Should Reduce and Prevent Future Crime, by: - Deterrence - Rehabilitation - Incapacitation - removed capacity to reoffend And Retribution - Offender should ‘pay back’ to society for breaching moral code
56
Marxism View on Punishment
Punishment is a “Repressive State Apparatus” that defends Bourgeoise property Imprisonment causes offenders to ‘pay’ by ‘doing time’ as ‘time is money’ in capitalist society
57
Taylor Globalisation
Created inequality and rising crime Has allowed TNCs to switch to low-wage countries (job insecurity, unemployment and poverty) Deregulation - government can’t create jobs or raise taxes themselves Marketisation - Individual consumption prioritised
58
Hobbs and Dunningham Globalisation
Globalised criminal organisations
59
Green Crime
Beck - Risk Society - Environmental Damage White - Human Needs vs Ecocentric
60
State Crime
Green and Ward - Genocide, War Crimes, Assassination, Torture etc McLaughlin - 4 Categories: Political (Corruption/Censorship), Security (Genocide, Torture), Economic (Violation of Health and Safety Laws) Social and Cultural (Institutional Racism)

Sociology (6 decks)

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