Beliefs Names Flashcards

Question

Davie Fundamentalism

Answer 1

Two Phases: Religious Fundamentalism - Response to more human based religion eg: enlightenment (move away from traditional due to science) Secular Fundamentalism - Response to literal secularisation and loss of faith

Answer 2

Clash of Civilisations Increasing diversity and difference within each nation/community will cause conflict

Answer 3

Cultural Defence - Religion can act as a shield for a community against ‘external threat’ Cultural Transition - Religion can be a way to cope with joining a new different community

Answer 4

Hinduism increased with middle class in India - modern holy men preach ‘desire is not a bad thing’ - legitimising consumerism Ultranationalism - Successful economic development is due to ‘Hindu values’ - Hinduism has become a form of Civil Religion here

Answer 5

Society has become media saturated - aiding postmodernism Rise of science Inevitability of value laden research - wider variety of beliefs so people are less likely to believe in one set truth 3 reasons: - Consumerism - New Middle Class Occupations, eg: design, marketing, advertising etc - place emphasis on taste and choice - Disappearance of Identities - constructed by media

Answer 6

All accounts of reality are valid and we should recognise and celebrate diversity

Answer 7

Society is based on the buying and selling of knowledge in the forms of images and signs Images and signs have little relation to material reality (eg: car adverts sell you a fantasy rather than the object)

Answer 8

Late Modernity has two features: Disembedding - Rise of individualism - tradition becomes less important and pursuit of personal goals becomes more Reflexive - Act of monitoring, reflecting and modifying our own actions in light of possible risks - like war and economic trouble

Answer 9

Power of reasons to create a better world - we live in a ‘risk society’ - results in risk consciousness (eg: effects of poor diet) Creates more awareness of how to progress and positively change

Answer 10

Traditional religion is declining because: Believing Without Belonging Attendance is now more of a choice Trend towards Vicarious Religion Religion has become ‘practised’ by more of a minority and then more ‘experienced’ (second hand) by the majority People are more drawn to religious places in times of tragedy

Answer 11

Spiritual Shopping People now have become consumers of religion, free to pick and choose different aspects of all types to form their perfect reality There is also Cultural Amnesia - where gradually throughout generations religion just becomes less prevalent and therefore there is less collective memory of it

Answer 12

Electronic Church Believing Without Belonging - People attend church online which may not be recorded Interconnectedness and globalisation has allowed for people to practice foreign religions from home And we can ‘pick and mix’ - spiritual shopping

Answer 13

Secularisation theory is Eurocentric Religion has continuing vitality in America and elsewhere Religious Market Theory: - People are naturally religious - Religion meets peoples needs - Only demand for particular religion that varies - + Human nature to avoid costs and seek rewards in life - so people compensate for costs/lack of rewards with supernatural rewards found in religion, eg: promise of afterlife or reincarnation

Answer 14

Women are more religious than men, because: - Differential Socialisation - Women taught to be submissive, obedient and nurturing (attributes associated with higher levels of religiosity) - Structural Locations - Men more likely to work full time, so women have more time for church related activities and lack of pay gives women greater need for personal identity elsewhere - Risk - Women are more averse to risk and fear going to hell more

Answer 15

Women closer to questions of life and death - closer to carer roles thinking they are closer to these questions

Answer 16

Age Difference - Ageing Effect - People turn to religion as they get older - approaching death - Generational Effect - Each new generation becomes more secular/less religious

Answer 17

Existential Security Theory Poorer countries more reliant on traditional religions for security

Answer 18

Theodicy of Disprivilege Sects appeal to marginalised groups

Answer 19

Traditionalism Revert back to traditional society Eg: make abortion, homosexuality, gay marriage and divorce illegal Campaigns for creationism and traditional gender roles

Answer 20

World Affirming NRMs - Offer followers access to spiritual powers + accept world as it is (optimistic). Offer additional special knowledge and techniques, enable followers to unlock their own potential World Accommodating NRMs - Breakaways from existing mainstream churches, do not accept or reject world but focus on religion rather than worldly issues World Rejecting NRMs - Critical of outside world and create radical change - members must take sharp break from reality and constrict contact with outside world (generally conservative based, eg: anti-divorce and abortion) - Young people attracted to this as they lack adult commitments

Answer 21

Weber - Marginality - sects draw members from poor/oppressed communities - offer solution to disprivilege Stark and Bainbridge - Relative Deprivation - Break from churches due to feeling deprived Wilson and Bruce - Social Change - Causes anomie (normlessness) - sects solve this uncertainty

Answer 22

Sects are short lived: - Second Generation - Those born into sect lack commitment - Protestant Ethic Effect - Practice of hard work and saving become similar to real world, causing people to see sects as more pointless over time - Death of Leader - Sect collapse or reformation

Answer 23

Diverse new age movements which include beliefs linked to astrology, yoga, medicine, meditation etc: Accepting of diversity of spirituality Self Spirituality - Spirituality found external to traditional churches and instead within self De-Traditionalism - Rejects spiritual authority and traditional sources (Priests and sacred scriptures) and instead value personal experience

Answer 24

Point out a sect cycle: - Schism - World Rejecting Sect formed by underprivileged - Initial Fervour - Charismatic leader and tension between sect and real world - Protestant Ethic Effect - Fervour disappears - Establishment - Sect becomes more world accepting and tension with society reduces - Further schism - Still underprivileged and world rejecting members breakaway and form new sect