Crime Control Ans Prevention

Question 1

What is Situational crime prevention and examples

Answer 1

Clarke
- reduce opportunity for crime, aim to increase effort and risk of commuting crime

CCTV, alarms, spiked fence, lock doors and windows

Question 2

Evaluation of situational crime prevention

Answer 2

❌- focus on petty street crimes ignores crimes of the powerful
❌-cause displacement of crime to poor areas that can’t afford the preventions - criminals move to where target us easier

✅- risk higher so may make criminal less likely to commit

Question 3

What is Environmental crime prevention and who suggests it

Answer 3

Wilson- Physical signs of social disorder increase crime

Question 4

Environmental broken window theory

Answer 4

Visible signs of damage to a neighbourhood eg broken window must be dealt with quickly if not it will give the impression no one cares so people will feel less accountable and commit anti-social behaviour / criminal acts.

Question 5

What is informal and formal control

Answer 5

Informal- environmental disorder (broken window) must be repaired immediately to set standard of behaviour.

Formal-zero tolerance policy -punishing petty offences to stop bigger offences occurring in the future.

Question 6

Evaluation of environmental crime prevention

Answer 6

❌- ignores crimes of the powerful focus on w/c Petty street crime
✅- supporting evidence for zero tolerance - New York used it and there was significant decrease in crime rates 50% less homicides. Showing it’s effective.

Question 7

What is Social and community crime prevention

Answer 7

Looking at what causes someone to commit crime.

Aims to remove factors that predispose people to crime
Long term strategy , tackle root cause.

Question 8

Risk factors linked to offending

Answer 8

-low income poor housing
-run down neighbourhoods
-poor education
-poor parental supervision
-parental conflict, lone parent families

Question 9

Perry’s pre-school project

Answer 9

Disadvantaged, black pupils 4 years old
Offered two year intervention education programme and weekly home visits.

By 40 they had less arrests, more graduated and more employed than control group.

Showing evidence for social and community crime prevention.

Question 10

Negatives of social and community crime prevention

Answer 10

-❌ignores crimes of the powerful
-❌socially sensitive - says lone parent families inadequate of raising kids adequately.

Question 11

Surveillance

Answer 11

The monitoring of public behaviour for the purpose of crime control.

Involves the use of sophisticated technology eg CCTV.

Question 12

Difference between sovereign power and disciplinary power

Answer 12

Sovereign power- when monarchy had power over the people - control was asserted through pain Eg limb amputation

Disciplinary power- control over people through surveillance.

Question 13

What is the panopticon

Answer 13

Prison design where prisoners have their own cell visible to guards but guards not visible to them. Prisoners don’t know if they’re being watch but because there’s a change that they could be being watched they behave all the time.

-turns into self surveillance.

Question 14

Foucault -disciplinary power in society

Answer 14

Prisons, factories, schools use surveillance in everyday social institutions- shows how disciplinary power operates in society reaching every individual

Question 15

Criticism of Foucault

Answer 15

❌-overestimates power of surveillance to change behaviour-they only behave for the fact they may be being watched not because they want to.

❌CCTV cameras don’t prevent crime but instead can displace it to other areas and they have shown to have little effect under reducing crime.

Question 16

Modern surveillance - synopticon

Answer 16

Mathiesen
While the panopticon allows the few to monitor the many
The media now enables the many to see the few
He calls this the Synopticon -where everybody watched everybody

Question 17

Examples of Synoptic surveillance- of powerful groups and each other

Answer 17

Thompson
- powerful groups eg politicians fear the media’s surveillance as may damage their reputation this acts as a form of social control over their behaviour.

Everyone has cameras allowing ordinary people to ‘control the controllers’ eg film police wrongdoing this is called ‘sousveillance.’

-public monitor each other eg cameras on bikes cars let’s road users know they’re being monitor result is self-disciplinary

Question 18

What is surveillant assemblages

Answer 18

When you combine surveillance with other technologies eg CCTC and face recognition to reveal someone’s identity.

Question 19

What is Actuarial justice and risk management

Answer 19

Feeley- Simon
>technology in CJS focus’ on
-preventing offending not rehabilitating them.

-risk or actuarial analysis- calculates the statistical risk of particular events happening to particular groups eg young drivers higher risk of having accidents.

-focus on groups over individuals.

Question 20

What is Social sorting and categorical suspicion

Critics of this

Answer 20

Social sorting - categorise people so they can be treated according to the level of risk they pose.

Categorical suspicion- people are placed under suspicion cause they belong to a certain group.

❌- Lead to overrepresentation in stats - if black males are stopped and search more cause they’re more likely to carry weapon then they’re more likely to get convicted and end up in stats even if all groups have the same likelihood of carrying weapons.

Question 21

Labelling and surveillance

Answer 21

Armstrong- CCTV - there’s a massive disproportion of targeting black males for no other reason other than their social group.

-this targeting is based of stereotypes held by the surveillance operators about who are likely offenders this can lead to self fulfilling prophecy

Question 22

What crime preventions would different theories use

Answer 22

Feminism - crime committed by women are related to poverty -need better paying jobs and welfare policies. Social and community prevention.

Sexual attacks - situational crime prevention - street lighting , rape alarms, CCTV

Question 23

Left realism

Answer 23

Crimes caused by poverty, marginalisation
Caused by poor education, unemployment, bad parenting.
So use social and community crime prevention eg sure start, youth groups, parenting classes, social services and better housing and health

Question 24

Right realism and crime prevention

Answer 24

Poverty isn’t a catalyst for crime individuals choose to commit crime
Reduce opportunity for crime and increase risk by increasing punishment

Environmental crime prevention-broken window theory and zero tolerance policing

Situational-CCTV, ALARMS,LOCKS,SPIKED FENCES

Question 25

Marxism and crime prevention

Answer 25

Capitalism is cause of crime due to economic differences between classes
= marginalisation and exclusion of w/c and causes relative dep

Causes unemployment, bad ed,

Use social and community crime prevention
Sure start, parenting classes,

Believe ruling class makes law in their own interest

Question 26

Functionalism and new right -crime prevention

Answer 26

Punishment reinforces accepted behaviour and upholds social solidarity

Situational and environmental crime prevention
-don’t believe poverty is a catalyst and believe success comes from own hard work and natural talent.
Zero tolerance policing that ^ punishment = less crime

Question 27

Functionalism and Marxist view on punishment

Answer 27

Functionalism - punishment is to uphold social solidarity and reinforce the accepted behaviour And punish those who go against social norms

Marxism- punishment serves the ruling class interest as they can enforce policies to avoid punishment
-punishment maintains social order, stops overthrow of capitalism

Question 28

Aims of punishment

Answer 28

Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Retribution

Question 29

Deterrence

Answer 29

Punishing individuals discourages from reoffending and acts as an example for others . Serves as deterrence for other people

❌- reoffending rates still high
✅-makes risk higher so crime rates lower
✅- Tackles crime before it happens

Question 30

Incapacitation

Answer 30

Imprisonment and execution - removal of offender from society making it safer as they’re unable to offend

❌-immoral execution
✅- protects the public

Question 31

Rehabilitation

Answer 31

Punishment used to reform offenders so they stop offending eg education, anger management, jobs, therapy.

✅- reduces reoffending rates
❌- expensive , have to want to go

Question 32

Retribution

Answer 32

Paying back - offenders deserve to be punished as it gives justice to society and offenders

✅- no rehabilitation purposes likely to reoffend
❌- gives victims justice

Question 33

What are victims

Answer 33

Those who have suffered harm eg physical, emotional, economic suffering through acts that violate the law.

Question 34

Christie’s view of victims

Answer 34

Victims is socially constructed by the media that stereotype the ideal victim is m/c weak easy target eg women and children

Question 35

Patterns of victimisation

Answer 35

Age- younger people more at risk of victimisation
Teenagers- assault, sexual harassment.
> Victimisation declines with age

Ethnicity - minority ethnic groups at high risk eg radially motivated crimes

Gender- males higher risk of violent attacks
Women - domestic abuse, sexual violence

Question 36

Positivist victimology

Answer 36

Miers - 3 features
1- aim to identify patterns in victimisation that make some groups more likely to be victims.

2- focus on interpersonal crimes for violence

3- focus on social and psychological characteristics of victims that make them vulnerable - characteristics like- female, elderly,