Crime And Globalization

Question 1

What is globalisation

Answer 1

The widening and speeding up of worldwide inter-connectedness

Question 2

How has globalisation effected crime

Answer 2

-growing inequality
-more opportunity
-ideology of consumerism (can add in individualism)
-global risk society
-supply and demand

Question 3

Growing inequality

Answer 3

Taylor -
-winners from globalisation are the rich u/c who own corporations and the losers are the workers of these organisations in both developed and developing countries.
- The workers are likely to experience growing relative dep which can lead to crime

Question 4

More opportunity for crime

Answer 4

-speed and anonymity of the internet like the dark web allows people to commit crime all round the world while being undetected eg child pornography and millions of pounds can be moved round the world in seconds.
-hard for police from one country to hunt down and convict people from other country’s eg credit card scams

Question 5

Ideology of consumerism

Answer 5

Ideology of consumerism promoted by westernized mediaI is consumed by People from all countries that ate exposed to the glamorized materialistic lifestyle.
-left realists - says little people have chance of achieving this so turn to crime to gain economic wealth eg international drug trade, global sex trafficking.

Question 6

Supply and demand

Answer 6

People want to move to developed western countries cause they believe they be better off but immigration has been made more difficult. This has created a marker in illegal human trafficking and many of these illegal immigrants are in debt to their smuggler.
-women and kids forced into prostitution

Demand for drugs in western countries gives farmers in poor countries opportunity to grow and sell plants used for drugs to international drug gangs.

Question 7

New types of crime

Answer 7

-human trafficking
-cyber crimes - identity theft, child pornography
-money laundering

Question 8

Evaluation of globalisation

Question 9

Evaluation of globalisation

Answer 9

❌- difficult to study/investigate global crime as hard to find source of crime/get access and may require specialist training- so questions validity of research

❌- researching can be dangerous as global crime Involvs powerful dangerous individuals

✅-investigating and finding ways to prevent newest form of crime

Question 10

What is green crime
What does zemiology mean

Answer 10

Any human action that harms the environment weather it’s illegal or not

-study of harm

Question 11

Global risk society and the environment

Question 12

Green criminology

Answer 12

Focus on the notion of harm rather than criminal law
- action that harms the physical environment, humans or animals even if no law has been broken. Eg zemiological approach.

Question 13

Two views of harm and who suggests them

Answer 13

White
Anthropocentric (human-centred view) humans have the right to dominate nature for their own needs. (put economic growth before the environment.

Ecocentric view- sees humans and environment as interdependent- environmental harm also harms humans

Question 14

What is Primary green crime

Answer 14

Crime that results directly from the destruction if earths resources

Question 15

Examples of primary green crime

Answer 15

Air pollution - burning fossil fuels for transportation and industries

Deforestation- cutting down trees for resources eg wood, paper (1/5 of tropical reinforest cut down)
^ leads to animals going extinct as destroys their habitats

Water pollution- 1/2 billion lack clean water eg littering ends up in ocean and toxic waste dumping- kills people and animals.

Question 16

What is secondary green crime

Answer 16

Crime that happens due to ignoring rules aimed at preventing environmental damage

Question 17

Examples of secondary green crime

Answer 17

Environmental discrimination - poor groups more affected by pollution
eg ^ sea level, contaminated water (toxic waste dumping), dump sites.

Toxic waste dumping in 3rd world countries by industries cheaper to illegally dump it into seas ‘ocean floor is a radioactive rubbish dump’

Question 18

Who commits green crime

Answer 18

1.indivduals - littering, not recycling, wasting energy

2.buisness and organisations- toxis waste dumping, air pollution

3.governments -militaty largest source of air pollution eg nuclear bombs

Question 19

Action against green crime

Answer 19

Gov needs to make and enforce laws to control green crime but form the companies that are likely to commit these crimes so don’t.

-if lasses they’ll effect profit.

Question 20

Evaluation of green crime

Answer 20

✅recognises and brings to light the growing issue of green crime and the effects on the Environment.

❌- hard to define what actions are classed as green crime as they are not laws but an objective opinion.

Question 21

What is state crime

Answer 21

All crimes committed by or on behalf of the state (government)

Question 22

Different definitions of state crime

Answer 22

-Domestic law
-social harm- zemiology
-labelling
-international law
-human rights

Question 23

Domestic law

Answer 23

Using the states own domestic laws to define crime is inadequate as they create the laws so they can avoid criminalising their own actions and make laws that allow them to carry out harmful acts.

Question 24

Social harm (zemiology)

Answer 24

See state crime as beyond breaking the law but any action that causes someone damage/harm.

✅-prevent the state from ruling themselves out of court

Question 25

Labelling

Answer 25

State crime is socially constructed- varies over time and between cultures
-diff opinions if state crime has been committed

Question 26

International law

Answer 26

Mullins
- any action by or on behalf of the state that violates international law
✅- objective doesn’t depend on personal definitions of harm - globally agreed definition.
❌- unrealistic to have all cultures agree on same laws

Question 27

Human rights

Answer 27

State crime is anything the state or its agents do that violates a humans rights eg racism, sexism

Question 28

Scale of state crime

State is the source of the law

Answer 28

Enormous power gives it potential to inflict harm on huge scale

Because they create the law they have the power to conceal their crimes and evade punishments for them.