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Crime and Punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Crime?

A

An act of breaking the Law

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2
Q

What is Law Enforcement?

A

Catching criminals and deciding whether their guilty or not

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3
Q

What is a Punishment?

A

Consequence of crime

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4
Q

What factors cause change?

A 
Beliefs, Attitudes and Values
Wealth and Poverty
Urbanization
Government
Science and Technology
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5
Q

When is the Medieval Period?

A

1250-1500

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6
Q

What is a Felony?

A

A serious crime

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7
Q

What is a Petty Crime?

A

A less serious crime

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8
Q

What is an Outlaw?

A

Someone who is on the run to escape the law

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9
Q

What new crimes emerged from the Medieval Period?

A

Vagrancy
Scolding
Heresy

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10
Q

What is Vagrancy?

A

When someone wanders from place to place in search of work

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11
Q

What is Scolding?

A

Using offensive/abusive language in public

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12
Q

What is Heresy?

A

Spreading beliefs that didn’t come from the church

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13
Q

Why was Suicide considered a crime?

A

It was believed that only God decides when a life should end

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14
Q

Who enforced the law during the Medieval period?

A 
King 
Sheriff
Chief Constables/Hundred
Parish Constables
People
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15
Q

How did the King enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

In charge of keeping the King’s peace

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16
Q

How did the Sheriff enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

King’s agent in each county
Powerful lords who would do the King’s work without pay
They made income by taking some money from fines

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17
Q

How did Chief Constables/Hundred enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

Appointed each year to supervise law and order in their area
Usually quite wealthy farmers
Gained local status
Made sure every free man is ready to fight incase the need to join army

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18
Q

How did Parish Constables enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

One year appointment
One responsible man
Had to make sure that the parish was armed and equipped when needed

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19
Q

How did People enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

Essential in keeping Law and Order
Adult men grouped into 10 people called Tithings. If one man broke the law, it would be the others responsibility to take them to court
People were expected to take part in the Hue and Cry (people run after criminals)

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20
Q

What courts were there in the Medieval period?

A 
Royal Courts
County Assizes
Manor Courts
Borough Courts
Church Courts
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21
Q

What is a Royal Court?

A

Deals with the most serious crimes

Jurors must know the accused

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22
Q

What is a County Assize?

A

Royal courts judges visited each county 2 - 3 times a year

Justice’s of the Peace (JP’s) were judges of their own court (Quarter Sessions)

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23
Q

What is a Manor Court?

A

Dealt with most of the crime

Mainly used for petty crimes

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24
Q

What is a Borough Court?

A

Court for local people in towns

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25
Q

What is a Church Court?

A

Dealt with moral crimes
Different courts
Moral crimes include failure to attend church and adultery

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26
Q

How could a person avoid trial in the Medieval period?

A

Run
Seek sanctuary
Have powerful friends
Refuse to plead

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27
Q

How could a person avoid the Death Penalty?

A 
Buy a pardon from the King
Join the King's army
Be pregnant
Claim benefit of the clergy
Become a King's approver
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28
Q

What types of punishment were the in the Medieval period?

A

Fines
Public Humiliation
Imprisonment
Death Penalty

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29
Q

What is a Fine?

A

Large sum of money to be paid
Most common punishment
Most fines went to the King

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30
Q

What is Public Humiliation?

A

Used for less serious offences
Mostly issued by the Manor or Borough courts
Examples include being forced to stand in the Pillory/Stocks

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31
Q

What is Imprisonment?

A

Gaols were used to help unserious crimes such as debt
Rough and unhealthy
Not the same as prisons today

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32
Q

What is the Death Penalty?

A

Being sentenced to death

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33
Q

What types of death executions were there?

A

Hanging
Hanging, Drawing and Quartering
Burnt Alive
Variation of Hangings

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34
Q

What is Hanging?

A

Slow strangulation

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35
Q

What is Hanging, Drawing and Quartering

A

Hanged but taken down while alive, and cut into pieces

Punishment for counterfeiting and treason

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36
Q

What is being Burnt Alive?

A

Cremated while still alive on a bonfire

Used for petty treason and heresy

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37
Q

What is Variation on Hangings?

A

Thrown off Dover cliffs
Buried alive at Sandwich
Tied to a rock of Sicily Isles

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38
Q

When is the Early Modern period?

A

1500-1750

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39
Q

What new crimes emerged within the Early Modern period?

A

Smugglings
Highway Robbery
Witchcraft

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40
Q

What is Smuggling?

A

Bringing goods into the country without paying import tax or duties
Punishable by death because it caused the government to loose money
Most smuggled products are Tobacco and Tea
Tactics included rooms and secret passages, furniture had false components and keeping people inside at night through ghost stories and intimidation

41
Q

What is Highway Robbing?

A

Gang of robbers attacking people as they travelled along the roads
Travelers held at gunpoint
Very violent
‘Stand and Deliver’ means give me all your valuables
Horsebacks
People carried their valuables on them because there was no banks

42
Q

What is Witchcraft?

A

Accused of being a witch

43
Q

What crime increased within Early Modern period?

A

Vagrancy

44
Q

What is Vagrancy?

A

When someone wanders from place to place in search of work

45
Q

What group of people rised to power within the Early Modern period?

A

Puritans

46
Q

What are Puritans?

A

Strict protestants

47
Q

What crimes did Puritans believe in?

A 
Drinking
Gambling
Swearing
Dancing
Sex outside of marraige
48
Q

What courts were there in the Early Modern period?

A 
Assizes
Quarter Sessions
Petty Sessions
Manorial Courts
Church Courts
49
Q

What is an Assize?

A

Most important courts in the country
2 judges were sent out to the assizes twice a year
Dealt with serious crimes

50
Q

What is a Quarter Session?

A

4 times a year, all JP’s of a county met to trial less serious crimes

51
Q

What is a Petty Session?

A

Small groups of JP’s met more regularly

Crimes dealt with were minor such as violence and drunkness

52
Q

What is a Manorial Court?

A

Controlled public behavior

As petty sessions took over, manorial courts became less important

53
Q

What is the Bloody Code?

A

When large numbers of crime carried the death penalty

54
Q

What types of punishment was in the Early Modern period?

A 
Public Penance
Pillory
Stocks
Cucking Stool
Branding
Scold's Bridle
Gaols
55
Q

What is Public Penance?

A

Having to say sorry in public as apart of Public Humiliation

56
Q

What is the Pillory?

A

Head and arms were secured in a wooden frame

People often pelted them with rotten food

57
Q

What is the Stocks?

A

Heavy pieces of wood were placed around the offenders ankles

Offenders were often assaulted, spat on or kicked

58
Q

What is the Cucking Stool?

A

Punished dishonest women

59
Q

What is Branding?

A

Burning a hole through someone’s ear

60
Q

What is a Scold’s Bridle?

A

Used for scolding

A projecting spike pressed down the tongue when the bridle was closed

61
Q

What is a Scold’s Bridle?

A

Used for scolding

A projecting spike pressed down the tongue when the bridle was closed

62
Q

What is a Gaol?

A

Early types of prisons

Used to hold people awaiting trial or those in debt

63
Q

When was the Industrial period?

A

1750-1900

64
Q

What new crimes emerged within the Industrial period?

A

Fare dodging

65
Q

What is Fare Dodging?

A

Act of not paying your fare for transport

66
Q

What changed in the Industrial period?

A

Beliefs, Attitudes and Values

67
Q

What did middle class people think about crime from 1750-1900?

A

More conservative views
Blamed the spread of bad moral habits of the poor
Thought that alcohol was the main cause of crime

68
Q

What did people with harsh views think about crime from 1750-1900?

A

Poor people made a deliberate decision to become criminals instead of working
Poor were referred to as the ‘criminal class’

69
Q

What did people with radical views think about crime from 1750-1900?

A 
Made the link between poverty and crime
Poor environment for the working class was the cause of crime
70
Q

What was the major significant improvement of law enforcement within the Industrial period?

A

Invention of the very first police force

71
Q

When was the Metropolitan Police Force created?

A

1829

72
Q

Who created the Metropolitan Police Force?

A

Sir Robert Peel

73
Q

What were the Metropolitan Police Force?

A

Constables were paid for out of taxes and patrolled the streets to prevent crime

74
Q

Why did people oppose the idea of having a professional police force?

A

Costs too much
It wasn’t the governments job
Fears of brutality

75
Q

How did Capital Punishment change within the period 1750-1900?

A

Invention of the New Drop
Invention of the Long Drop
Fewer executions
Cattle stealing, forgery, arson and theft were all removed from the list of capital ofences

76
Q

What is the New Drop?

A

People fell through a trap door meaning faster death and less pain

77
Q

What is the Long Drop?

A

Calculated the amount of rope to snap the neck in an instance resulting in faster deaths and less pain

78
Q

What is Transportation?

A

Criminals got transported to Australia and work hard labour

79
Q

Why was criminals transported to Australia?

A

Used to be America but they had gained their independence

Australia is an unknown place

80
Q

How did prisons change within the Industrial period?

A

Hangings declined
Prisons were overcrowded, damp and full of diseases
Prisons were reformed
Invention of Silent and Separate systems
It was thought Prisons should be about deterrence and not punishment

81
Q

What is the Silent System?

A

Prisoner was allowed to work together during pointless tasks but could not speak or communicate

82
Q

What is the Separate System?

A

Prisoners were kept in individual cells

83
Q

When is the Modern period?

A

1900-Present

84
Q

What new crimes emerged in the Modern period?

A 
Car crime
Football Hooliganism
Illegal Drugs
Cyber crime
Hate crimes
85
Q

What is Car Crime?

A

Crimes involving cars
To prevent this speed limits (1896), alcohol limits (1967), seat belts (1983) and roadside camera’s (1992) were put in place

86
Q

What is Football Hooliganism?

A

Rioting in football
Was evident during the 20th century
Behavior disappeared in war years but reappeared in the 60’s
Football gangs are popular
Police can give banning orders and special police units

87
Q

What are Illegal Drugs?

A

During wars, families sent packs of cocaine to soldiers
Banned in 1920
Became a huge problem in the 60’s
Government struggles to keep it under control

88
Q

What is Cyber Crime?

A

Internet creation caused more crimes such as downloading films/music off illegal websites etc
Phishing emails and fraud aswell as hacking

89
Q

What is Hate crime?

A

Attacks based upon a person’s individual characteristics
Government brought in laws to ensure equality
Laws did not change behavior

90
Q

What factors developed policing within the Modern era?

A 
Organisation
Specialisation
Weapons
Range of Work
Community Policing
91
Q

How did new technology help policing within the Modern era?

A

Identification of criminals
Communication and Data Storage
Surveillance

92
Q

What factors developed courts within the Modern era?

A 
End of local courts
Womens role
Juvenile Courts
Crown Prosecution Service
Juries
93
Q

How did punishment change within the Modern era?

A

Community Service
Abolishment of Capital/Corporal Punishment
Reformations

94
Q

Why did people not believe in the death penalty?

A

Self defence murders
Innocent deaths
Special needed incidents

95
Q

Why did people believe in the death penalty?

A

Deals with serial killers

Acts as a deterrence

96
Q

What year was Capital Punishment abolished?

A

1969

97
Q

How did Alexander Paterson reform prisons?

A

Silence system was relaxed
Prisoners didn’t have to shave their heads
Educational work was increased

98
Q

Why did prison overcrowding happening?

A

Not all fines could be paid
Short prison sentences
Courts couldn’t keep up with cases

99
Q

What options were there except prison?

A

Probation
Parole
Community service

History (4 decks)

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