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Crime and Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Crime?

A

An act of breaking the Law

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2
Q

What is Law Enforcement?

A

Catching criminals and deciding whether their guilty or not

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3
Q

What is a Punishment?

A

Consequence of crime

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4
Q

What factors cause change?

A 
Beliefs, Attitudes and Values
Wealth and Poverty
Urbanization
Government
Science and Technology
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5
Q

When is the Medieval Period?

A

1250-1500

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6
Q

What is a Felony?

A

A serious crime

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7
Q

What is a Petty Crime?

A

A less serious crime

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8
Q

What is an Outlaw?

A

Someone who is on the run to escape the law

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9
Q

What new crimes emerged from the Medieval Period?

A

Vagrancy
Scolding
Heresy

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10
Q

What is Vagrancy?

A

When someone wanders from place to place in search of work

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11
Q

What is Scolding?

A

Using offensive/abusive language in public

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12
Q

What is Heresy?

A

Spreading beliefs that didn’t come from the church

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13
Q

Why was Suicide considered a crime?

A

It was believed that only God decides when a life should end

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14
Q

Who enforced the law during the Medieval period?

A 
King 
Sheriff
Chief Constables/Hundred
Parish Constables
People
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15
Q

How did the King enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

In charge of keeping the King’s peace

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16
Q

How did the Sheriff enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

King’s agent in each county
Powerful lords who would do the King’s work without pay
They made income by taking some money from fines

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17
Q

How did Chief Constables/Hundred enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

Appointed each year to supervise law and order in their area
Usually quite wealthy farmers
Gained local status
Made sure every free man is ready to fight incase the need to join army

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18
Q

How did Parish Constables enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

One year appointment
One responsible man
Had to make sure that the parish was armed and equipped when needed

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19
Q

How did People enforce the law during the Medieval period?

A

Essential in keeping Law and Order
Adult men grouped into 10 people called Tithings. If one man broke the law, it would be the others responsibility to take them to court
People were expected to take part in the Hue and Cry (people run after criminals)

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20
Q

What courts were there in the Medieval period?

A 
Royal Courts
County Assizes
Manor Courts
Borough Courts
Church Courts
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21
Q

What is a Royal Court?

A

Deals with the most serious crimes

Jurors must know the accused

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22
Q

What is a County Assize?

A

Royal courts judges visited each county 2 - 3 times a year

Justice’s of the Peace (JP’s) were judges of their own court (Quarter Sessions)

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23
Q

What is a Manor Court?

A

Dealt with most of the crime

Mainly used for petty crimes

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24
Q

What is a Borough Court?

A

Court for local people in towns

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25
What is a Church Court?
Dealt with moral crimes Different courts Moral crimes include failure to attend church and adultery
26
How could a person avoid trial in the Medieval period?
Run Seek sanctuary Have powerful friends Refuse to plead
27
How could a person avoid the Death Penalty?
``` Buy a pardon from the King Join the King's army Be pregnant Claim benefit of the clergy Become a King's approver ```
28
What types of punishment were the in the Medieval period?
Fines Public Humiliation Imprisonment Death Penalty
29
What is a Fine?
Large sum of money to be paid Most common punishment Most fines went to the King
30
What is Public Humiliation?
Used for less serious offences Mostly issued by the Manor or Borough courts Examples include being forced to stand in the Pillory/Stocks
31
What is Imprisonment?
Gaols were used to help unserious crimes such as debt Rough and unhealthy Not the same as prisons today
32
What is the Death Penalty?
Being sentenced to death
33
What types of death executions were there?
Hanging Hanging, Drawing and Quartering Burnt Alive Variation of Hangings
34
What is Hanging?
Slow strangulation
35
What is Hanging, Drawing and Quartering
Hanged but taken down while alive, and cut into pieces | Punishment for counterfeiting and treason
36
What is being Burnt Alive?
Cremated while still alive on a bonfire | Used for petty treason and heresy
37
What is Variation on Hangings?
Thrown off Dover cliffs Buried alive at Sandwich Tied to a rock of Sicily Isles
38
When is the Early Modern period?
1500-1750
39
What new crimes emerged within the Early Modern period?
Smugglings Highway Robbery Witchcraft
40
What is Smuggling?
Bringing goods into the country without paying import tax or duties Punishable by death because it caused the government to loose money Most smuggled products are Tobacco and Tea Tactics included rooms and secret passages, furniture had false components and keeping people inside at night through ghost stories and intimidation
41
What is Highway Robbing?
Gang of robbers attacking people as they travelled along the roads Travelers held at gunpoint Very violent 'Stand and Deliver' means give me all your valuables Horsebacks People carried their valuables on them because there was no banks
42
What is Witchcraft?
Accused of being a witch
43
What crime increased within Early Modern period?
Vagrancy
44
What is Vagrancy?
When someone wanders from place to place in search of work
45
What group of people rised to power within the Early Modern period?
Puritans
46
What are Puritans?
Strict protestants
47
What crimes did Puritans believe in?
``` Drinking Gambling Swearing Dancing Sex outside of marraige ```
48
What courts were there in the Early Modern period?
``` Assizes Quarter Sessions Petty Sessions Manorial Courts Church Courts ```
49
What is an Assize?
Most important courts in the country 2 judges were sent out to the assizes twice a year Dealt with serious crimes
50
What is a Quarter Session?
4 times a year, all JP's of a county met to trial less serious crimes
51
What is a Petty Session?
Small groups of JP's met more regularly | Crimes dealt with were minor such as violence and drunkness
52
What is a Manorial Court?
Controlled public behavior | As petty sessions took over, manorial courts became less important
53
What is the Bloody Code?
When large numbers of crime carried the death penalty
54
What types of punishment was in the Early Modern period?
``` Public Penance Pillory Stocks Cucking Stool Branding Scold's Bridle Gaols ```
55
What is Public Penance?
Having to say sorry in public as apart of Public Humiliation
56
What is the Pillory?
Head and arms were secured in a wooden frame | People often pelted them with rotten food
57
What is the Stocks?
Heavy pieces of wood were placed around the offenders ankles | Offenders were often assaulted, spat on or kicked
58
What is the Cucking Stool?
Punished dishonest women
59
What is Branding?
Burning a hole through someone's ear
60
What is a Scold's Bridle?
Used for scolding | A projecting spike pressed down the tongue when the bridle was closed
61
What is a Scold's Bridle?
Used for scolding | A projecting spike pressed down the tongue when the bridle was closed
62
What is a Gaol?
Early types of prisons | Used to hold people awaiting trial or those in debt
63
When was the Industrial period?
1750-1900
64
What new crimes emerged within the Industrial period?
Fare dodging
65
What is Fare Dodging?
Act of not paying your fare for transport
66
What changed in the Industrial period?
Beliefs, Attitudes and Values
67
What did middle class people think about crime from 1750-1900?
More conservative views Blamed the spread of bad moral habits of the poor Thought that alcohol was the main cause of crime
68
What did people with harsh views think about crime from 1750-1900?
Poor people made a deliberate decision to become criminals instead of working Poor were referred to as the 'criminal class'
69
What did people with radical views think about crime from 1750-1900?
``` Made the link between poverty and crime Poor environment for the working class was the cause of crime ```
70
What was the major significant improvement of law enforcement within the Industrial period?
Invention of the very first police force
71
When was the Metropolitan Police Force created?
1829
72
Who created the Metropolitan Police Force?
Sir Robert Peel
73
What were the Metropolitan Police Force?
Constables were paid for out of taxes and patrolled the streets to prevent crime
74
Why did people oppose the idea of having a professional police force?
Costs too much It wasn't the governments job Fears of brutality
75
How did Capital Punishment change within the period 1750-1900?
Invention of the New Drop Invention of the Long Drop Fewer executions Cattle stealing, forgery, arson and theft were all removed from the list of capital ofences
76
What is the New Drop?
People fell through a trap door meaning faster death and less pain
77
What is the Long Drop?
Calculated the amount of rope to snap the neck in an instance resulting in faster deaths and less pain
78
What is Transportation?
Criminals got transported to Australia and work hard labour
79
Why was criminals transported to Australia?
Used to be America but they had gained their independence | Australia is an unknown place
80
How did prisons change within the Industrial period?
Hangings declined Prisons were overcrowded, damp and full of diseases Prisons were reformed Invention of Silent and Separate systems It was thought Prisons should be about deterrence and not punishment
81
What is the Silent System?
Prisoner was allowed to work together during pointless tasks but could not speak or communicate
82
What is the Separate System?
Prisoners were kept in individual cells
83
When is the Modern period?
1900-Present
84
What new crimes emerged in the Modern period?
``` Car crime Football Hooliganism Illegal Drugs Cyber crime Hate crimes ```
85
What is Car Crime?
Crimes involving cars To prevent this speed limits (1896), alcohol limits (1967), seat belts (1983) and roadside camera's (1992) were put in place
86
What is Football Hooliganism?
Rioting in football Was evident during the 20th century Behavior disappeared in war years but reappeared in the 60's Football gangs are popular Police can give banning orders and special police units
87
What are Illegal Drugs?
During wars, families sent packs of cocaine to soldiers Banned in 1920 Became a huge problem in the 60's Government struggles to keep it under control
88
What is Cyber Crime?
Internet creation caused more crimes such as downloading films/music off illegal websites etc Phishing emails and fraud aswell as hacking
89
What is Hate crime?
Attacks based upon a person's individual characteristics Government brought in laws to ensure equality Laws did not change behavior
90
What factors developed policing within the Modern era?
``` Organisation Specialisation Weapons Range of Work Community Policing ```
91
How did new technology help policing within the Modern era?
Identification of criminals Communication and Data Storage Surveillance
92
What factors developed courts within the Modern era?
``` End of local courts Womens role Juvenile Courts Crown Prosecution Service Juries ```
93
How did punishment change within the Modern era?
Community Service Abolishment of Capital/Corporal Punishment Reformations
94
Why did people not believe in the death penalty?
Self defence murders Innocent deaths Special needed incidents
95
Why did people believe in the death penalty?
Deals with serial killers | Acts as a deterrence
96
What year was Capital Punishment abolished?
1969
97
How did Alexander Paterson reform prisons?
Silence system was relaxed Prisoners didn't have to shave their heads Educational work was increased
98
Why did prison overcrowding happening?
Not all fines could be paid Short prison sentences Courts couldn't keep up with cases
99
What options were there except prison?
Probation Parole Community service

History (4 decks)

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