Crime And Globalisation

Question 1

What does Held et al argue?

Answer 1

There has been a globalisation of crime. The same processes that brought about the globalisation of legitimate business have also brought this about by creating new opportunities for crime eg cyber crimes

Question 2

What does Castells argue about the global criminal economy?

Answer 2

It is worth over £1 trillion per annnum

Question 3

Smuggling of illegal immigrants

Answer 3

Chinese triads make an estimated $2.5 bn annually from this

Question 4

Green crime example

Answer 4

Illegal dumping of toxic waste in developing countries

Question 5

Money laundering statistic

Answer 5

Estimated at up to $1.5 trillion per year

Question 6

Why is drug cultivation attractive to people in poor countries?

Answer 6

It requires little investment in tech and is more profitable than the cultivation of other crops

Question 7

What % of Colobians are dependent on cocaine production?

Answer 7

20%

Question 8

Example of global risk consciousness?

Answer 8

Increasing numbers of economic migrants has given rise to anxieties about the risks of crime and disorder in Western countries and the need to protect their borders

Question 9

Traditional criminology (green crime)

Answer 9

An act must violate the law for it to be a green crime even if it causes widespread pollution. While this definition has a clearly defined subject matter, it acceots the definition promoted by powerful groups with alterior motives

Question 10

Green criminology (green crime)

Answer 10

White- any action which harms the physical environment and/or the animals in it is a green crime, even if it does not break the law. (Better definition because some countries have lax laws on green crime)

Question 11

Define primary green crime

Answer 11

Crimes that are directly the result of the destruction and degredation of the earth’s natural resources

Question 12

Give 2 examples of primary green crime

Answer 12

CRIMES OF AIR POLLUTION
burning of fossil fuels adds 6 bn tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere per yr

CRIMES OF WATER POLLUTION
500 million lack access to clean drinking water

Question 13

What is a secondary green crime?

Answer 13

A crime that flows out of the flouting of rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters

Question 14

Give one example of a secondary crime

Answer 14

HAZARDOUS WASTE
Disposal of toxic waste is very profitable because it is very expensive to dispose it legally eg it Italy, eco mafias profit off of illegal dumping at sea

Question 15

2 reasons why state crimes are the most serious form of crime

Answer 15

1. The scale of the state’s power gives it the ability to inflict harm on a huge scale
2. The state’s ability to define crime means it can conceal crimes and avoid them punishment for them

Question 16

War crimes-illegal wars

Answer 16

War can only be declared by the UN security council so, US led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are illegal. Kramer argues that the US fabricated the idea that Iraq had nukes to justify war.