Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > Crime and deviance > Flashcards

Crime and deviance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Strain theory - Merton

A
  • society has major stress on being successful (goals)
  • it is impossible for everyone to achieve success in socially acceptable way (means)
  • stress on achieving goals promotes deviant behaviour
  • there is a strain on what people want to achieve and what they can achieve
  • responses to anomie: conformity, innovation (accepts goals, rejects means), ritualism (means accepted, lost sight of goals), retreatism (goals and means forgotten - drugs), rebellion (rejection of goals and mean, have alternative ones - terrorists)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

evaluation of strain theory

A
  • fails to explain why an individual chooses one deviant act over another
  • only focuses on utilitarian crime - what about vandalism, fighting etc.
  • ignores why some find it harder to achieve society’s goals than others - inequality, and why majority of people are law-abiding when many people feel the means is to hard
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Control theory - Hirschi

A
  • everyone is potentially deviant and law abiding behaviour is abnormal
  • there is no cause of criminal behaviour
  • the point is not to seek causes but to understand how social control is achieved
  • criminal activity is when individual attachment to society is weakened
  • Attachment - extent to which we’re concerned about needs of others
  • commitment - how much we invested in our life
  • involvement - how busy is our lifestyle
  • belief - amount of conviction we have in terms of obeying rules of society
  • Hirschi found a correlation between these factors - more attached to conventional people and activities, less likely to commit crime
  • eg. boys doing well in school, close to fathers, less likely to have delinquent friends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

evaluation of control theory

A
  • feminists - ‘malestream’ sociology - although his conclusions rest on boys’ attitudes and beliefs, his theories are supposed to apply to adults and both sexes
  • Marxists - people aren’t naturally inclined to commit crime - class and culture is more important factor, fails to recognise why some feel more marginalised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cohen - status frustration

A
  • most crime is committed in groups is not always utilitarian crime committed for material gain
  • WC boys fail in MC school system as they face cultural deprivation and are left at bottom of status hierarchy
  • unable to achieve by legitimate means - status frustration
  • resolve frustration by rejecting MC values and joining delinquent subculture where norms are reverse of mainstream
  • subcultures offer an alternative status hierarchy where status is achieved through delinquent means
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evaluation of status frustration

A

+ explains non-utilitarian crime eg. vandalism
- assumes WC boys start off with MC goals and reject them when they fails, ignores that they may have never shared these goals and don’t see themselves as failures
- unlikely that delinquent subcultures consciously invert norms of mainstream culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cloward and Ohlin - 3 types of subcultures that lead to crime

A

Criminal (eg. mafia):
- in neighbourhoods with stable criminal culture and established hierarchy
- youth associate with adult criminals and are provided with opportunities to succeed in criminal career
Conflict:
- in areas with too high populations resulting in anomie preventing criminal network developing
- only illegitimate opportunity is in gangs
- violence is release for frustration and alternative source of status
Retreatist:
- unable to succeed in legitimate and illegitimate structures
- turn to retreatist subcultures usually based on drug use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

evaluation of Cloward and Ohlin - 3 types of subcultures

A
  • ignores crime of the wealthy and overestimates WC crime - doesn’t tackle issues related to gender or class - don’t question why WC struggle to succeed in legitimate structures
    + explanation for different TYPES of WC crime through subcultures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Miller - focal concerns

A
  • subcultures don’t arise from inability to achieve success
  • WC have different set of values (focal concerns): excitement, toughness, smartness, autonomy, fate
  • focal concerns lead to crime and deviance in order to achieve status
  • excitement - non-utilitarian crime
  • autonomy - take matters into own hands rather than getting help from police etc
  • fate - don’t consider consequences of actions as future already decided
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

evaluation of Miller - focal concerns

A
  • generalises all WC people saying they’re bound to be gang members or delinquents
  • WC having different norms and values contradicts functionalist view that everyone is socialised into value consensus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Matza - subterranean values and drift

A
  • we all have delinquent values and criminal urges but we learn to keep them suppressed (young more likely to be criminal)
  • we use neutralisation to justify crimes
  • neutralisation techniques: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalty (friends)
  • the fact everyone uses attempts to neutralise their crimes shows everyone shares the same values otherwise they would believe their act was correct
  • we drift between delinquency and conformity throughout life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

evaluation of subterranean values and drift

A
  • it is not easy to just ‘drift’ in and out of delinquent activity when there are consequences to the activities eg. prison, stigma
  • not everyone attempts to neutralise or justify their crime, some show no remorse
  • neutralisation techniques could be seen as excuses to avoid punishment rather than ‘drifting’ back into mainstream values
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carrabine - corporate crime

A
  • we entrust high status professionals with our finances, health, security and personal info
  • eg. GP Harold Shipman believed to have murdered over 200 patients by obtaining pethidine by forgery an deception and enough morphine to kill 360 people - only received a warning and continued to practise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ways that corporate crime is invisible

A
  • little media coverage
  • lack of political will - more interested in street crime
  • crimes are complex
  • de-labelling - offences labelled as civil not criminal, penalites are fines not jail
  • under-reporting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

classical marxist view on crime

A
  • capitalism is criminogenic - corporate crime is inevitable because capitalism is based on greed
  • whole system based on explotation of WC by RC - RC only get richer and WC increasing poverty
  • not surprising that those who can’t afford basic necessities turn to crime
  • non-utilitarian crimes explained by expressing frustration at their explotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

evaluation of marxist view on crime

A
  • presents WC criminals as passive - puppets who can’t help but commit crime because of economic circumstances
  • crime still exists in communist societies eg. Soviet Union in 20th century
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reasons white collar crime is ‘invisible’ and justified

A
  • often victimless
  • company can afford to replace anything stolen
  • lack of awareness
  • institutional protection - company doesn’t want to look bad so won’t take case to court
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of a famous white collar crime in US

A

Enron
- energy supply company that made orders appear as profit before any money had actually been exchanged
- makes the company appear wealthier so people invest in it thinking the company was more successful than they were
- a prominent figure in the company was friends with George Bush and got him to refuse to investigate (deregulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pearce - marxist view on corporate crime

A
  • even laws that appear to help the working class really help the bourgeoisie
  • eg. health and safety laws provide the ruling class with a healthy workforce to make more money off of
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chambliss - marxist view on crime

A
  • most laws in US and UK protect people who own property
  • did a study in Seattle and argued ruling class were part of a crime syndicate and used their wealth and status to bribe officials and avoid punishment
  • he said the criminal justice system wasn’t there to catch the ruling class and was selectively applied to the working class
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

evaluation of Chambliss’s view on corporate crime

A
  • there are some laws that protect working class eg. minimum wage
  • powerful people do get criticised legally eg. Katie price tax evasions, Trump
  • most people in contemporary society own property so doesn’t specifically protect RC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Graham - marxist view on crime

A
  • investigated how government policed illegal trade of drugs, amphetamines in particular
  • Even though there was a ‘war on drugs’, politicians decided not to restrict amphetamine production and distribution because most was made and sold by pharmaceutical companies - making profit for bourgeoisie
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hall - neo-marxist view on corporate crime

A
  • there was a ‘crisis of capitalism’ and the resulting unemployment had a disproportionate impact of black people, some chose to enter the informal economy which sometimes involved crime
  • this created a moral panic about black WC crime, taking attention away from crime committed by the ruling class
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Taylor and Young ‘Fully social theory’

A

anti-deterministic, more volunteristic
When considering a deviant act marxists should consider:
1- structural origins
2- immediate cause of crime
3- the act itself and reason behind it
4- immediate social reaction to act
5- wider origins of social reaction
6- outcome of social reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

evaluation of Taylor, Walton and Young’s fully social theory

A
  • Rock (realist) - romanticises criminals into ‘Robin Hood figures’ when not all crime is politically motivated
  • feminists - focuses only on male crime
  • most crime committed by WC is against WC not RC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Young - left realism causes of crime

A

Crime is deep rooted in social conditions
Rise in living standards since WW2 has meant a rise in crime rate.
- relative deprivation - social media allows everyone access to messages of material wealth which is not attainable by most so people feel deprived in comparison
- subculture - a group’s solution to relative deprivation, want society’s goals but achieve them by illegitimate means
- marginalisation - powerless groups in society such as unemployed youths use violence and rioting as political action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

left realism - solutions to crime

A
  • police becoming more accountable to local communities and involve them in deciding policies and priorities
  • crime control should involve a multi-agency approach involving schools and social services
  • police shouldn’t have allowed their relationship with the public to break down
  • reduce social inequalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

evaluation of left realist view on crime

A
  • overlook importance of crimes of the powerful (corporate crime) and focus too much of inner-city crime making the problem appear worse
  • deterministic - not all individuals who experience relative deprivation commit crime
  • relies on quantitative data from official stats and victim surveys - not true picture and no in depth explanation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Matthews and Young - square of crime (left-realist)

A

4 methods to explain crime:
1. state and agencies - decide if an act is a crime and how to enforce it
2. offender and their actions - the crime they committed and why
3. informal social control - public react to crime in different ways
4. victim - decide whether to report a crime
Importance of different elements varies from crime to crime eg. corporate crime has different victim-offender relationship and is regulated differently by agencies of social control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Wilson and Herrnstein - right realist view on causes of crime

A
  • Biosocial theory - some people have a more aggressive, risk-taking personality caused by biological differences
  • This makes these certain people more likely to commit crime
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Murray - right realist view o causes of crime

A
  • New Victorians - those who are respectable, seek employment and are happy to be responsible marital parents
  • New Rabble - form an increasing underclass and have distinct criminal tendencies and values falling outside wider held values
  • single parents, dropping out of education/employment/family are major concern
  • development of underclass is related to increases in crime
  • communities become fragmented as response to crime is to withdraw into home - loss of informal social control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Wilson and Kelling - broken window theory

A
  • communities should be prevented from deteriorating
  • if a window is broken, rowdiness on the street will go unchallenged and problems will grow
  • increase in vandalism and youths hanging around means law-abiding citizens are reluctant to come out
  • if communities see measures are made to enforce law they’re more likely to report a crime
  • resources will be wasted on those areas which have gone too far, they’re unable to be restored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Clarke - right realist rational choice theory

A
  • crime is a choice
  • most criminals are rational actors, if risk of getting caught is low or punishment isn’t severe they’re more likely to commit the crime
  • they are rational in that they weigh up costs and benefits to assess whether a crime is worth committing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

right realist view on solutions of crime

A
  • Etzioni - communitarianism - building up a community of law-abiding citizens to make crime less likely
  • Wilson - police should carry out ‘order maintenance’ rather than law enforcement - reduce the likelihood of them committing the crime low in the first place eg. repairing broken windows
  • zero tolerance
  • tough sentences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Matthews - criticism of right realist view on crime

A
  • little evidence to support that broken windows actually lead to more crime
  • incivility determined by crime not other way around
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Jones - criticism of right realist view on crime

A
  • decline in communities more likely related to lack of investment than the underclass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Young - criticism of right realist view of crime

A
  • success rate of zero-tolerance policies is a myth peddled by politicians and police to try and take credit for the falling crime rate
  • crime rate in New York has been falling since 1985 before zero-tolerance
  • police need arrests to try justify falling crime rate leading them to make arrests for more minor crimes which weren’t previously labelled as deviant
38
Q

sex role theory - Parsons

A
  • women socialised into more caring/nurturing role leading to a lower crime rate for them
  • men are socialised into being tough and dominant which is more prone to criminality that being compliant
39
Q

evaluation of sex role theory

A
  • it is very outdated - stereotypical gender roles are not as prominent in contemporary society and boys and girls are socialised in a more similar way
  • there are other reasons for committing crime - material gains, poverty
  • some females do commit crime
40
Q

Carlen - class gender deals

A
  • interviewed 39 WC women convicted of a crime
  • WC women led to conform through:
    Class deal - women who work are offered material rewards
    Gender deal - patriarchal ideology offers material and emotional rewards from family life when conforming to conventional domestic gender role
  • if these rewards aren’t available or worth the effort, crime is more likely
  • WC women lack the controls that keep most from committing crime - they’re often without qualifications so find hard to get legitimate work, attachment to family may be weak due to abuse
  • having criminal record reinforces future criminal behaviour as it reduces chances of legitimate job and family
41
Q

Heidenson - differential control

A
  • women are controlled at home, work and public by the patriarchy - by reputation, time, opportunities etc.
  • females are more conformist because society imposes more control on their behaviour
  • women more likely to be controlled by their role as mother or wife of have little time for criminal behaviour
  • they have threat or fear of male violence or getting a bad reputation
42
Q

Chivalry thesis - Pollak

A
  • women are treated leniently by the CJS - softer sentences if at all
  • most criminal justice agents are men who are socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women - protective attitude
  • CJS is therefore more lenient with women so their crimes are less likely to end up in official stats
  • this gives an invalid picture of crime that exaggerates the extent of gender differences
43
Q

Heidenson and Carlen - double deviance

A
  • some say women are given harsher sentences than men because they’ve committed a crime against their gender and society
  • they’ve defied their caring, nurturing role and it’s a shock
  • double deviance - crime against society and their gender norms
44
Q

Adler - liberation theory

A
  • due to feminism and equality women are more likely to get involved in crime as seriously and frequently as men
  • patriarchal controls and discrimination have lessened and opportunities in education and work have become more equal, women have adopted a more traditionally male role in both work and crime
45
Q

Coercive control - explanation of crime

A
  • coercive control is most commonly committed by men against women
  • a partner controlling who you see, clothes, finances, stalking you - used to frighten or harm their victim
  • Prison Reform Trust - 57% prisoners have been victims of domestic violence, 65% for those aged 16-25
  • eg. stealing if partner denies access to finances, hiding partner’s drugs/weapons, taking responsibility for partner’s crime
46
Q

Messerschmidt - men and crime

A
  • masculinity is social construct that men have to constantly be presenting to others
  • hegemonic masculinity is dominant form that most men wish to accomplish - crime and deviance are resources to achieve this
  • White MC youths - in school masc achieved by subordinating themselves to teachers, outside school expressed through drinking, pranks, vandalism
  • White WC youths - less chance of educational success so masculinity constructed around sexism - being tough and opposing teachers’ authority eg. Willis
  • Black WC youths - fewer expectations of reasonable jobs so masc expressed by gang violence or property crimes
  • MC - white collar or corporate crime
47
Q

evaluation of Messeschmidt view on men and crime

A
  • masculinity isn’t explanation of crime but a description of male offenders eg. tough and controlling - crimes may just be committed by males with violent characteristics - circular argument
  • not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity
48
Q

Winlow - men and crime

A
  • decline of traditionally male jobs where men would express masculinity
  • more service sector jobs eg. clubs, pubs, bars - legal employment and criminal opportunities
  • Sunderland bouncers - employment as well as illegal business ventures in drugs, alcohol, protection rackets, expressing masculinity through violence
  • bodily capital - helps men maintain reputation and employability
49
Q

Lea and Young - view on ethnicity and crime

A
  • stats represent real differences in offending
  • racism has led to marginalisation and economic exclusion of minority ethnic groups
  • this leads to relative deprivation and the forming of black criminal subcultures
50
Q

neo-marxist view on ethnicity and crime (including Gilroy and Hall)

A
  • stats are social construct resulting from racist labelling and discrimination of CJS
  • black criminality is social construction and takes attention away from crisis of capitalism
  • Gilroy - black crime is a form of resistance against society
  • Hall - moral panic of black muggers was used as a scapegoat to distract from crisis of capitalism in 70s - creates fantasy crime wave - more arrests for a crime give impression of increase in the crime itself
  • black crime isn’t solely caused by media and black labelling, also black youth being marginalised through unemployment in crisis of capitalism
51
Q

Fitzgerald view on ethnicity and crime

A
  • street robbery rates higher in deprived areas where young black people are more likely to live due to discrimination in housing and job market
52
Q

Macpherson report

A
  • Stephen Lawrence murdered by racist gang
  • nobody was successfully prosecuted until 19 years later, despite lots of evidence eg. video footage of gang bragging about killing a black man
  • police didn’t acknowledge the racist motives of the killers
  • macpherson report in 1999 described the Metrpolitan police as racist
  • racism and institutional racism is deeply ingrained in attitudes of police officers
  • racist victimisation - someone selected as victim of crime because of their race, ethnicity or religion
53
Q

William and Clarke - ethnicity and crime

A
  • black people more likely to be guilty of ‘joint enterprise’ (they foresaw that someone else was going to commit a crime and are prosecuted), usually on account of gang membership
  • 75% black prisoners identified as gang members, 39% white prisoners
  • these differences were largely caused by the use of joint enterprise to secure convictions
54
Q

official stat - distribution of ethnicities making up prisons compared to population

A
  • black people make up 4% of population but 14% of prisons
55
Q

strain theory - ethnicity and crime

A
  • black boys statistically underachieve in school and are therefore denied social mobility by legitimate means
  • this leads to them turning to illegitimate means to achieving society’s goal
56
Q

sources of crime stats

A
  • police recorded crime
  • victim surveys - reported and unreported crime (more accurate than police recorded crimes)
  • self-report studies - anonymous questionnaires
  • court and prison records
57
Q

how does globalisation enable crime?

A
  • communication technologies - spread of info, harder for countries to shield people from political news eg. collapse of communism in Eastern Europe partly due to them hearing about it in other countries
  • cheap air travel - human trafficking, smuggling, terrorism
  • deregulation of financial and other markets
  • influence of global mass media - relative deprivation
58
Q

Castells - globalisation and crime

A
  • major aspects of global criminal economy:
    arms and weapons trafficking
    nuclear weapons
    drugs - high demand from West and USA
    modern slavery
59
Q

Taylor - globalisation and crime

A
  • transnational companies move to low-wage countries producing job insecurities, unemployment in the previous country and inequalities in the new country
  • workers paid extremely low wage and work in terrible conditions to cut down on costs for the company
  • globalisation creates criminal opportunities on grand scale for elite groups eg. insider trading
60
Q

Chambliss - domestic law - state crime

A
  • state crime is acts defined by law as criminal acts committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the state
  • the state itself defines what state crime is
61
Q

evaluation of Chambliss’s definition of state crime

A
  • the state can create laws to avoid criminalising themsleves
  • they can allow themselves to carry out harmful acts
  • eg. Nazi Germany passed law allowing disabled people to be sterilised
62
Q

Hillyard - state crime

A
  • we should replace study of crimes with zemiology - study of harms
  • this definition prevents the state from ruling themselves out of court by making laws that allow themselves to cause harm to groups
  • this creates a single standard that can be applied to all states to identify which ones are the most harmful
63
Q

evaluation of Hillyard - state crime

A
  • who decides that is classed as ‘harmful’?
  • harm is subjective so a boundary needs to be established to hold all states to a single standard
64
Q

Schwendingers - state crime and human rights

A
  • state crime is when basic rights are denied
  • sociologists should protect human rights
  • transgressive criminology - going beyond traditional boundaries of criminology defined by criminal law and investigating the rights taken away from victims of state crime
65
Q

Adorno - explanation of state crime

A
  • Authoritarian personality - excessive willingness to obey orders of superiors without question
  • eg. nazi soldiers
  • justifies crime
66
Q

Beck - green crime

A
  • smog is democratic
  • In a shared environment, we are all equally vulnerable regardless of age, gender, ethnicity or class for the impact of environmental problems
67
Q

Chunn and Menzies - green crime

A
  • we should consider instances of societal harm such as environmental damage as crimes, whether they break the law or not
  • some acts not defined as crimes are more harmful to the environment than ones that are
68
Q

Walters - green crime

A
  • growing of genetically modified crops in UK causes ecological harm but continues bc it’s profitable
  • environmental law breaking - illegal actions which break laws that aren’t always enforced
  • eg. British nuclear industry has illegally disposed of thousands of barrels of radioactive waste in seas around channel islands
69
Q

Thornton and Beckwith - green crime

A
  • 24,000 ppl die each year as result of air pollution - is legal or subject to less rigorous regulation
70
Q

cohen and young - media

A
  • news is social construction - outcome of social processes where some stories are rejected and some are selected
  • news values are the criteria journalists and editors use to decide if a story is newsworthy:
    immediacy
    dramatisation
    personalisation
    higher-status people
    simplification
    unexpectedness
    risk
    violence
71
Q

cohen - mods and rockers moral panic

A
  • mods and rockers were minor to begin with but amplified by the media
  • media portrayal caused deviance amplification spiral - made it seem the problem was out of hand leading to control response from police
  • creates marginalisation and stigmatisation of these groups
  • mods and rockers portrayed as folk devil - major threat to social order and values
  • caused boundary crisis - uncertainty around acceptable and unacceptable behaviour
72
Q

Beck - moral panic

A
  • we live in a ‘risk society’ where things that previously would’ve caused a moral panic are now seen as normal
  • the concept is too vague nowadays to explain situations where a crisis marks people’s day - hard to define what a moral panic is
73
Q

hall - moral panics

A
  • dismisses idea of moral panic - certain crimes are sensationalised but CJS’s ability to solve them is overstated too so public concern is soothed away
  • there are rational concerns about real crimes producing real harm to victims - dismissing this as a moral panic denies anxieties that people have
  • moral panics are a zombie concept
74
Q

McRobbie - moral panic

A
  • concept of moral panic is outdated in a media-saturated society
  • new tech, growing sophistication of media audiences, 24/7 news, competition between media organisations, changing reporting of and reactions to, events that would’ve once caused a moral panic
75
Q

Clarke - situational crime prevention

A
  • preemptive approach about reducing opportunities for crime
  • target hardening to reduce burglar rewards and prevent opportunists who commit crime on impulse
  • eliminating tunnels, more light, CCTV, security guard, alarms, good locks
  • focusing on root causes of crime doesn’t offer solutions
76
Q

criticism of Clarke - situational crime prevention

A
  • only displaces crime to another place
  • only focuses on particular crimes eg. not fraud etc
  • ignores root causes of crime
77
Q

social and community crime prevention and example

A
  • attempts to tackle root causes of offending - poverty, unemployment, poverty
  • eg. The Perry preschool project - 2yr intellectual enrichment programme, focused on disadvantaged black children
  • they were given extra curricular experiences and as adults had better education, health, employment and fewer criminal records than their peers
78
Q

Whyte - criticism of social and community crime prevention

A
  • crimes of the powerful and environmental crimes aren’t tackled in this way - reflects priorities of politicians tasked with crime prevention
79
Q

Foucault - surveillance

A
  • modern society - disciplinary power is governed by surveillance subjecting individuals to conformity through self-surveillance
  • use of CCTV cameras means people are unaware if they’re actually being watched so control their behaviour
  • surveillance used in schools, asylums, workhouses, factories, prisons to induce conformity through self-surveillance
80
Q

Durkhiem view on punishment

A
  • functions to uphold social solidarity
  • retributive justice - traditional society - severe and cruel, motivation is purely expressive
  • restitutive justice - modern society - necessary to repair the damage eg. compensation
81
Q

marxist view on punishment

A
  • maintains social order
  • punishment is related to class system and how it serves ruling class
  • each economic system has its own punishment system
  • money fines are impossible without a money economy
82
Q

Christie - victims

A
  • ‘victim’ is socially constructed
  • the ideal victim is weak, innocent and blameless eg. a child or elderly person attacked by a stranger
83
Q

positivist victimology - Miers

A
  • there are patterns in victimisation and factors that make people more likely to be a victim
  • people contribute to their own victimisation
84
Q

Taylor - globalisation and crime

A
  • globalisation has allowed trans-national corporations to move to low wage countries producing insecurities in their previous country and inequality in the new country
  • globalisation creates criminal opportunities on a grand scale for elite groups eg. insider trading
85
Q

Castells - globalisation and crime

A
  • there is a global economy worth over £1 trillion per year
  • cheap air travel has enables cries such as human trafficking, weapons trafficking, drugs and modern slavery
86
Q

evaluation of globalisation and crime increasing

A
  • many of these crimes have existed for years - human trafficking, the drug industry and terrorism crossing borders has been happening for centuries
  • there is nothing unique about the recent changes associated with globalisation
87
Q

Chambliss view on state crime

A
  • state crime is acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs
  • the state itself defines what state crime is
88
Q

Cohen - state crime spiral of denial

A
  • there is a spiral of denial that states use when accused of abusing human rights
  • ‘it didn’t happen’ - denying it ever happened
  • ‘it’s not how it looks’ - something different happened or someone else did it
  • ‘it had to be this way’ - the abuse was justified or they deserved it
89
Q

human rights abuse example

A

Guantanamo Bay
- in USA everyone has the right to a fair trial and to not be abused or tortured for punishment
- After 9/11 attacks - many allegations that US abused the terror suspects and that they still haven’t had a fair trial and are being held in a detention centre in Guantanamo Bay

90
Q
A

Sociology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions