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crime and deviance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crime

A

something that breaks the law

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2
Q

what is deviance

A

something that goes against societal norms and values that many disapprove of

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3
Q

what does durkheim argue

A

that crime is functional and serves a purpose

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4
Q

what are the 4 functions crime serves according to durkheim

A

boundary maintenance, safety valve, warning light and social change

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5
Q

what is boundary maintenance

A

when society comes together against the wrongdoer reinforcing societies norms and values

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6
Q

what is the safety valve of crime

A

crime is a relatively harmless way of expressing discontent

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7
Q

what is the warning light

A

shows that something within society isn’t working

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8
Q

what is social change

A

when individuals go against existing norms and values, will be seen as deviance first

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9
Q

what is an example of social change

A

LGBTQ+

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10
Q

durkheim evaluation (2)

A

doesnt specify how much crime is enough
crime has negatives, victims would not agree that crime is positive

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11
Q

what crime does Davis speak on

A

prostitution

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12
Q

how is prostitution a positive according to Davis

A

as men can release their sexual frustration on other women without threatening the nuclear family

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13
Q

evaluation of Davis (2)

A
  1. outdated
  2. prostitution has many negatives such as objectifying women, forcing women, women being sex trafficked etc.
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14
Q

how is pornography a positive according to Polsky

A

pornography safely ‘channels’ a variety of sexual desires away from alternatives such as adultery

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15
Q

what is an evaluation of polsky (2)

A
  1. porn can be harmful to children
  2. get the wrong idea of sex, most sex on porn is violent
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16
Q

what does erikson argue

A

police are actually designed to create and maintain crime rather than stop it

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17
Q

what is an example of erikson’s point

A

stop and search and speeding

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18
Q

what is an evaluation of erikson (1)

A

many police would argue they do want to reduce crime, professionalism

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19
Q

what are some examples in which society encourages and accepts deviance

A

university- partying and doing drugs etc
festivals- drugs
football matches- rowdiness and yelling

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20
Q

who argues about strain theory

A

Robert Merton

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21
Q

what is strain theory

A

the belief that society is strained for the ‘American dream’ and how members of society will try and reach their goal

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22
Q

what are the five reactions to strain theory

A

conformists, innovators, ritualists, rebels and retreatists

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23
Q

what is a conformist

A

accepts both the goals and the legitimate means

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24
Q

what is an innovator

A

accepts the goals but rejects the means and turns to crime

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25
Q

what is a ritualist

A

rejects the goals but accepts the means (for example going sixth form just because you think its the right thing to do)

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26
Q

what is a retreatist

A

rejects both the goals and the means, dropping out of society (normally turning to drugs)

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27
Q

what is a rebel

A

wants to change and challenge both existing norms and goals

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28
Q

what is an evaluation of merton (2)

A

only explains utilitarian crime (crime with monetary gain)
ignores crime of the rich

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29
Q

who argues about status frustration

A

A.K Cohen

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30
Q

who did Cohen study

A

working class boys who failed in education due to a middle class environment

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31
Q

what is Cohen’s theory

A

failing w.c. join delinquent subcultures, they rise in the hierarchy of their subculture and suffer status frustration

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32
Q

whos theory is the three subcultures

A

Cloward and Ohlin

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33
Q

what do Cloward and Ohlin argue

A

some have unequal access to both legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures, different areas bring different opportunities

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34
Q

what are the three subcultures according to Cloward and Ohlin

A

criminal, conflict and retreatist

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35
Q

what is a criminal subculture

A

organised crime which can socialise youths in to their own criminal career, might result in material success

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36
Q

what is a conflict subculture

A

gangs organised by youths themselves which result in turf wars

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37
Q

what is a retreatist subculture

A

those who cant access legitimate or illegitimate opportunity structures and drop out of society all together turning to substance abuse

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38
Q

what is a negative evaluation of Cloward and Ohlin

A

Matza argues that young males will drift in and out of societal delinquency, subcultures are a phase

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39
Q

what is a positive evaluation of Cloward and Ohlin

A

provides explanations for a range of crimes and subcultures

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40
Q

(general) what do interactionalists argue about laws and statistics

A

laws and crime are social constructions, a consequence to labels

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41
Q

(general) how are things made illegal

A

something is only made criminal after being labelled by society, its not the nature of the act its societies reaction

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42
Q

what is a deviant according to Becker

A

someone who’s label has been successfully labelled

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43
Q

what do labels depend upon according to Becker

A

your class, gender, ethnicity, appearance and more

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44
Q

what is a case study of labels and laws being applied differently

A

Lavinia Woodward- a middle class medical oxford student who domestically abused her boyfriend however was spared by the judge as it would damage her career

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45
Q

who argues the negotiation of justice

A

Cicourel

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46
Q

what does Cicourel argue

A

m.c. have more control over the CJS, officers tend to stereotype criminals, patrol the area and arrest more e.g. working class

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47
Q

what is a case study of Cicourel

A

Brock Turner- found guilty for S.A girl at stanford uni, his m.c. parents argues his bright future shouldn’t be ruined for ‘20 minutes of action’ he got 6 months when the max was 14 years

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48
Q

what do official statistics actually show

A

the activity of the police and the CJS, leading to the dark figure of crime

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49
Q

what is Lemert’s theory

A

primary and secondary deviance

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50
Q

what is primary deviance

A

deviant act which is not yet labelled and is seen as trivial e.g. underage drinking

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51
Q

what is secondary deviance

A

labelled and becomes their master status, this may lead to a deviant career as they cant find employment

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52
Q

what is an evaluation of Lemert

A

Downes and Rock argue we cant predict deviant careers as free will exists

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53
Q

what is the term used for when a crackdown on deviance leads to more

A

deviance amplification spiral

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54
Q

what role can the media have on deviance

A

moral panics

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55
Q

who argues moral panics and identified folk devils

A

Cohen

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56
Q

what is an example of a moral panic- 1972

A

mods and rockers

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57
Q

who argues about disintegrative and reintegrative shaming

A

Braithewaite

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58
Q

what is disintegrative shaming

A

when the offender is a bad person and is excluded from society

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59
Q

what is reintegrative shaming

A

when the act is labelled but the person isnt
‘he has done a bad thing’ not ‘he is a bad person’

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60
Q

what are some positives of reintegrative shaming

A

it doesn’t isolate the individual, allows them to rejoin society, helps them understand the effect they have had on the victim and encourages the victim to forgive

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61
Q

what is used for reintegrative shaming

A

restorative justice

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62
Q

what are some negatives of reintegrative shaming

A

is it justice? is it sending the wrong message? does it deter?

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63
Q

what is the impact of labelling someone as mentally ill

A

it makes the illness worse or even creates it

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64
Q

what is Rosenhan’s experiment called

A

being sane in insane places

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65
Q

what happened in Rosenhan’s experiment

A

sane people claimed to have been hearing voices ‘hollow, empty, thud’ they were admitted for schizophrenia despite this not being enough to be diagnosed. when telling the doctors they were fine and acting normally they refused to believe them, some kept there for 2 months

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66
Q

what are some strengths of interactionalism

A

the law is not a fixed set of rules to be taken for granted, but a construction that needs to be explained
more control can backfire
the law is enforced in discriminatory ways

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67
Q

what are some negatives of interactionalism

A

too deterministic
doesn’t explain primary deviance
assumes offenders are passive victims of crime

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68
Q

what terms means capitalism causes crime

A

criminogenic capitlaism

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69
Q

what is selective law enforcement

A

police target the working class and they are more likely to be criminalised

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70
Q

who argues about selective law enforcement

A

snider

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71
Q

what does snider argue

A

capitalist states are reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of business or threaten their profitability

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72
Q

what is an evaluation of selective law enforcement

A

professionalism- the police and CJS are professional organisations and therefore should comply with regulations

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73
Q

who argues about ideological functions of law

A

Pearce

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74
Q

what is Pearce’s argument

A

laws give capitalism a ‘caring face’ and create false conscious. selective law enforcement make crime seem as a working class phenomenon, blaming other w.c. not capitalism

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75
Q

what does chambliss argue

A

laws only protect private property and capitalism meaning they can prevent the introduction of laws that threaten them

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76
Q

what is an example of pearce’s argument

A

corporate homicide (passed in 2007) in its first 8 years only had 1 prosecution

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77
Q

marxism evaluation

A

ignores other inequalities
why does crime occur in non communist societies?
japan has low crime rates

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78
Q

neo marxism cards to go here!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A
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79
Q

sutherland’s definition of white collar crime

A

a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation

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80
Q

what is occupational crime

A

committed by employees for personal gain

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81
Q

what is cooperate crime

A

committed by employees for organisational gain

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82
Q

why is there an invisibility of corporate crime

A

lack of will to tackle it- politicians focus on street crime
lack of media coverage
underreporting- no clear victim

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83
Q

what explanation for coorperate crime does box give

A

uses strain theory to argue that if a company financially struggles through legal means they will turn to illegitimate means

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84
Q

who argues differential association

A

sutherland

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85
Q

what does sutherland argue (coorperate crime)

A

sees crime as behaviour learnt from others
the competitive culture of business may encourage others to deviate

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86
Q

what is techniques of neutralisation theory

A

individuals will deviate faster/ easier if they can justify their actions

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87
Q

who argues about labelling (coorperate crime)

A

nelken

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88
Q

what does nelken argue

A

businesses avoid labelling through using experts e.g. lawyers and accountants

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89
Q

what do marxists argue (coorperate crime)

A

due to capitalistic goals to maximise profits employees and consumers are inevitably harmed, dog eat dog world

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90
Q

harold shipman

A

a trustworthy doctor- ‘groomed the community’
convicted of 15 murders (believed to be over 200)
got away for 25+ years
convicted in 2000

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91
Q

how does harold shipman relate to coorperate crime

A

as he was assumed trustworthy, being a doctor, many could not fathom the fact he could be a murderer

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92
Q

coorperate crime, nestle baby milk (AO2)

A

crime against consumers
encouraged formula over breastfeeding however it targeted developing countries which couldn’t ensure sterilisation and sanitary water
many babies fell ill and died

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93
Q

who argues rational choice theory and what is it

A

Clarke (right realist) whether the risk of the punishment outweighs the potential reward if not caught

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94
Q

rational choice theory evaluation

A

doesnt explain impulsive crimes e.g. murder and violence
not all offenders rationalise

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95
Q

which right realists argue about biological factors

A

Hernstein and Wilson

96
Q

what do hernstein and wilson argue

A

some biological factors make some more likely to commit crime e.g. low impulse control, low IQ and aggression

97
Q

evaluation of hernstein and wilson, bio factors

A

doesnt explain how asians are high achievers as well as high in crime statistics
marxists argue that rr’s ignore social class inequality

98
Q

who argues about inadequate socialisation

A

Murray

99
Q

how does crime link to inadequate soc, according to murray

A

crime is increasing due to a rise in the underclass
single mothers can’t socialise their children leading to a dependency culture and increased welfare state

100
Q

evaluation of murray and inadequate socialisation

A

deterministic
mysogynistic
ignores social factors

101
Q

what right realists tackles are there to crime

A

zero tolerance policing, broken windows theory, target hardening

102
Q

how are left realists similar to marxism

A

society is unequal

103
Q

how are left realists different to marxism

A

they don’t believe in overthrowing capitalisms but gradual change

104
Q

who argues about relat8ive deprivation

A

Lea and Young

105
Q

what is relative deprivation

A

how deprived you feel compared t6o those around you

106
Q

how can relative deprivation lead to crime

A

they may begin to resent others and resort to illegitimate means
the media and advertising makes this worse

107
Q

what is a solution to relative deprivation

A

subcultures

108
Q

criminal subcultures…

A

conform to the values and goals but the opportunities are blocked

109
Q

how does marginalisation lead to crime

A

lack clear goals and organisation to represent them.
leading to resentment and frustration

110
Q

relative derivation evaluation

A

many of those who are deprived don’t commit crime
wealthy committing crime

111
Q

subculture evaluation

A

not all subcultures are criminal

112
Q

marginalisation evaluation

A

no explanation as to why crime is the outlet of their frustration

113
Q

how to tackle crime

A

policing and control and tackling structural causes

114
Q

what do Kinsley, Lea and Young argue

A

90% crime is reported by the public
multi agency support would be beneficial

115
Q

what does tackling structural causes mean

A

reduce inequalities and opportunities to discriminate as well as providing jobs for everyone

116
Q

gender and crime statistics

A

4/5 convicted offenders in england and wales are male
3 women a week killed by current or ex partners
males are more likely to have longer criminal careers

117
Q

what is thesis 1

A

unreported and unnoticed

118
Q

what is a recent government change to protect women and children

A

making mysogyny is now treated as terrorism

119
Q

explain thesis 1

A

typically female crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported or noticed

120
Q

evaluation of thesis 1

A

sexual crimes are also unreported due to shame, embarrassment etc

121
Q

what is thesis 2

A

the chivalry thesis

122
Q

explain thesis 2

A

Pollack, women are treated more leniently by police and the CJS as they are mainly male sectors socialised to be chivalrous

123
Q

evidence which agrees with thesis 2

A

Flood page et all found 1 in 11 female self reported offenders are given cautions or prosecuted compared to 1 in 7 men
women are more likely to be released on bail and less likely to go prison

124
Q

evidence which goes against thesis 2

A

Farrington and Morris studied 408 theft cases in a magistrates court, they were not treated differently
carol smart quotes judge, ‘women who say no, dont always mean no’

125
Q

what is thesis 3

A

functionalist sex role

126
Q

who argues thesis 3

A

Parsons

127
Q

what does parsons argue about functionalist sex role

A

due to biology and socialisation women are nurturing by nature and therefore incapable of crime

128
Q

evaluation of parsons

A

Walklate argues Parsons assume women have the biological capacity to bear children, they are best suited for the expressive role
gay parents?

129
Q

what is thesis 4

A

patriarchal control

130
Q

who argues thesis 4

A

Heidensohn

131
Q

what does Heidensohn argue

A

women are more conformist because patriarchal society imposes greater control

132
Q

where are the 3 areas in which women are controlled (Heidensohn)

A

home
work
public

133
Q

how does the home control women

A

childcare and domesticity means women have no time to commit crimes and young girls are socialised to be quiet and good

134
Q

how does work control women

A

male dominated, the glass ceiling, SA

135
Q

how does public spaces control women

A

fear of travelling alone, 545 of women avoided going out alone compared to 14% of men

136
Q

what is thesis 5

A

liberation

137
Q

who argued about thesis 5

A

Addler

138
Q

what does addler argue

A

women are now more equal in society meaning crime rates will also become more equal

139
Q

what is an example of thesis 5

A

ladette to lady

140
Q

evidence supporting thesis 5

A

female offending has rose
Denscombe has found females are as likely to engage in risk taking behaviour

141
Q

evidence against thesis 5

A

ladler and hunt found female gang members in the US were expected to take on stereotypical female roles

142
Q

what 2 sociologists argue about males and crimes

A

Messerschmidt and Winlow

143
Q

what does Messerschmidt argue

A

masculinity status (hegemonic) is a constant accomplishment. crime and deviance is a way to accomplish this

144
Q

who have subordinate masculinity

A

gay men, lower class and some ethnic minorities

145
Q

how many ways are there to express masculinity according to messerschmidt

A

3

146
Q

how do white middle class express masculinity

A

white m.c. youth- accommodating masculinity, behave in school but outside school their masculinity is oppositional (partying)

147
Q

how do white working class express masculinity

A

oppositional masculinity in and out of school

148
Q

how do black working class express their masculinity

A

violence and gang membership or turn to serious property crime to achieve material success

149
Q

evaluation of messerschmidt

A

doesnt explain men committing non masculine crimes e.g. tax evasion
masculinity is now a lot more flexible

150
Q

what does winlow argue

A

globalisation has led to a decline in traditional male industries leading to a rise in the night time leisure economy (legal and illegitimate)

151
Q

what and where did winlow study

A

bouncers in sunderland where unemployment was high and found the job allowed them to express masculinity through violence as well as illegal business e.g. drugs

152
Q

evaluation of winlow

A

some men have typically female jobs and don’t commit crimes
focusses too much on w.c. how do m.c. express their masculinity?

153
Q

what did the feminist in cell block y show us

A

feel they cant talk about their feelings and therefore turn to violence
subordinate masculinities are bullied and turn to hegemonic masculinity
objectifying women to prove manhood

154
Q

stop and search statistic

A

young black men are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched

155
Q

ethnicity population statistic

A

black people make up 3% of the population but 13.1% of the prison population

156
Q

why do EM’s get S+S more according to Bowling and Phillips

A

officers had negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals, leading to targeting

157
Q

what are low discretion stops

A

police act on relevant information about a specific offence

158
Q

what are high discretion stops

A

police act without specific intelligence (discrimination and stereotypes likely)

159
Q

arrests of EM’s statistics

A

the arrest rate for black people was 2.2x higher than whites
asian and other backgrounds had lower arrest rates
2014/15 blacks and Asians are less likely to receive cautions (more likely to deny the charge)

160
Q

what di Bowling and Phillips argue about prosecutions and trials

A

CPS are more likely to drop cases of ethnic minorities due to weak/ stereotypical evidence

161
Q

convictions and sentencing statistics

A

black and asian defendants are less likely to be found guilty due to racism
black men are 5% more likely to be given a prison sentence
black and asians receive longer sentences

162
Q

ethnic minority prison population statistic

A

if it matched the UK’s ethnic population, there would be 9000 less people in prison

163
Q

why do Lea and Young think there are differences in offending

A

they accept the statistics
they have higher rates due to discrimination and marginalisation
util- material dep nonutil- angry at society
if the police were racist they would be against everyone

164
Q

evaluation of lea and young

A

they argued this in 1993 soon after the 9/11 attack which led to an increase in islamophobia and asian crime rates
they may view asian and black people different

165
Q

what does gilroy argue

A

statistics are a result of racist stereotyping
ethnic minority crime is due to political resistance rooting back to british imperialism

166
Q

evaluation of gilroy

A

lea and young argue that the first wave of immigrants (wind rush) were law abiding and unlikely to pass down anti-colonial opinions
most crimes are intra-ethnic

167
Q

what does hall argue

A

a moral panic on black men and mugging
this was due to capitilism being in crisis and needed a diversion/ scapegoat to divide the proletariat
werent more criminal just victims of capitilism

168
Q

what did the moral panic (hall) lead to

A

black men facing discrimination and unemployment forcing them to crime

169
Q

what is an evaluation of hall

A

Downes and Rock argue that hall is contradictory, black men are both criminal and not criminal
doesnt explain how the moral panic began
right realists argue the fear of mugging is real

170
Q

what are the three reasons EM’s are more criminal (right realists)

A

family education and the media

171
Q

EM and the family

A

ethnic minorities are more likely to be lone parent families and lone parent families can not adequately socialise (not taught crime is immoral)

172
Q

what is an evaluation of EM’s and the family

A

racist and misogynistic assumptions
deterministic
many male headed families also turn to crime

173
Q

EM and education

A

black caribbean ethnicities perform the worst in education and therefore may find it harder to access a legitimate job, crime or due to relative deprivation

174
Q

what is an evaluation of EM’s and education

A

not all those who dont succeed in education will turn to crime
black african ethnicites and asians perform well in education yet are still hig in crime stats

175
Q

EM and the media

A

stereotypes reinforce that black people are more criminal, SFP

176
Q

evaluation of the media and EM’s

A

deterministic, not everyone conforms to their labels
doesnt account for asian minorities
stormzy

177
Q

what is a ethnicity and victamisation

A

when an individual is a target due to their race/ ethnicity/ religion

178
Q

what is an example of ethnicity and victamisation

A

stephen lawrence

179
Q

what report was made in 1999 on the MET

A

the Macpherson report

180
Q

what report followed the macpherson report

A

the casey review

181
Q

what is the overall point of the casey report

A

there has been little change within the met from 1999 to now

182
Q

what are the percentages of whites and males in the police (casey)

A

82% white and 71% male

183
Q

what year will there be gender equality in the met (casey)

A

2053

184
Q

what year will there be ethnc representation in the met (casey)

A

2061

185
Q

casey review findings

A

discrimination is tolerated and accepted
sexism, racism and homophobia
ethnic minorities are over police and under protected

186
Q

how many race hate crimes a year (2019-2020)

A

76,000 (reported) more like 104,000

187
Q

how many religion hate crimes a year (19-20)

A

6,800 (reported) more like 42,000

188
Q

what group are most at risk for becoming a victim

A

mixed ethnic (20%)

189
Q

what do sampson and phillips argue (risk of victimisation)

A

racist victamisation tends to be ongoing with repeated minor offences

190
Q

what is an example of a response to victimisation

A

self defence lessons, fireproof doors

191
Q

why are people responding to victimisation

A

as they feel they can no longer trust the police due to ignoring or not investigating racist reports

192
Q

what did Williams and Dickinson find about the news

A

British newspapers devote 30% of space to crme

193
Q

what does felson argue

A

the age fallacy, victims are m.c. and older, offenders are working class

194
Q

AO3 of Felson

A

Grenfell tower had huge media coverage despite victims being w.c.

195
Q

how does the media exaggerate police success

A

tv shows, films e.g. police interceptors

196
Q

AO2 of media success

A

the media are more likely to overrepresent violent crimes which are more likely to be solved

197
Q

AO3 of media success

A

the media also report on bad policing e.g. stephen lawrence, george floyd

198
Q

which groups are most likely to be victims according to the media

A

white, children, women, high status

199
Q

AO2 of media victims

A

the #metoo movement was mainly high status women
sarah eveard

200
Q

AO3 of media victims

A

BAME and young males are most likely to be victims
is it really the medias fault?

201
Q

how is crime reported by the media

A

as a series of separate events

202
Q

what does crime being reported as a series of separate events mean

A

the underlying structions and causes of crime arent explained

203
Q

AO2 of crime being reported as separate event

A

rape offenders are dehumanised but they are normally previous victims themselves

204
Q

evaluation of crime being reported as separate events

A

the media have started to consider causes (racism/ homophobia) e.g. brianna ghey

205
Q

what does felson call the media exaggerating rare crimes

A

dramatic fallacy

206
Q

how do the media exaggerate rare crimes

A

by making them see daring and clever

207
Q

what is an example of the media exaggerating rare crimes

A

the hatton garden heist
14 million stolen, 9 million recovered
made into a film

208
Q

AO3 of exaggeration of rare crimes

A

the film industry not the news

209
Q

what does cohen and jock young argue about media and crime

A

news is not discovered its manufactured, crimes can be rejected while others are selected

210
Q

what are some news values

A

dramatisation
status
unexpected
simplification

211
Q

what ways can media increase crime

A

materialism, desensitisation, imitation, arousel, knowledge

212
Q

materialism and crime

A

the media presents everyone with the perfect life which can lead to material deprivation

213
Q

materialism evaluation

A

not everyone will turn to crime

214
Q

example of materialism and crime

A

kim kardashian getting robbed

215
Q

desensitisation and crime

A

the media exposes people to violent crimes regularly making them less sensitive and more likely to commit crime

216
Q

example of desensitisation and crime

A

grand theft auto and horror movies
james bulger- watershed

217
Q

evaluation of desensitisation

A

many still find violent crimes horrific and dont get ‘less sensitive’

218
Q

imitation and crime

A

viewers of media may attempt to recreate crimes they see, ‘copy cat crimes’

219
Q

example of imitation and crime

A

the ripper copy cat- derek brown
researched multiple serial killers and disposed of bodies with frightening efficiency

220
Q

arousal and crime

A

violence and sexual imagery may stimulate potential criminals and may become a factor in turning to crime

221
Q

knowledge and crime

A

can learn criminal techniques for example, using media to research or watching tv shows etc

222
Q

example of knowledge and crime

A

tv show, breaking bad, how to make crystal meth

223
Q

what do most studies show on media and crime

A

media has a small to no effect on audiences

224
Q

what does livingstone argue

A

people are too worried on the affects of social media on children as it should be a time of innocence and protection

225
Q

what does cumberbatch argue

A

the Videos Standards Council found that crime caused by tv is weak

226
Q

Schlesinger and Tumbler’s study found that

A

a heavy use of tv equals a greater fear of becoming a victim
those who are fearful are more likely to watch more tv, increasing the fears

227
Q

whats stage one of a moral panic

A

a minor act of deviance (little to no harm on society)

228
Q

stage two of a moral panic

A

media exaggerate the deviance, folk devils created with stereotypical and negative symbolisation, moral entrepreneurs disapprove of the behaviour

229
Q

stage three of a moral panic

A

disproportionate public fear

230
Q

stage four of a moral panic

A

disproportionate police response
police and government target and harsh punishments given

231
Q

evaluation of cohen and moral panics

A

how and why do the media amplify some problems and not others
are audiences passive recipients to the media?
marxists would argue moral panics distract from capitilism

232
Q

what is globalisation

A

growing interconnectedness
TECH TRAVEL TRADE

233
Q

what are some examples of crimes which have developed due to globalisation

A

arms trafficking
drugs trafficking
trafficking women and children

234
Q

cyber crime and globalisation

A

child pornography and revenge porn
the anonymity of internet and computers make it difficult to detect by police and law enforcement
paedophiles and the dark web

235
Q

transnational organised crime

A

Held et al
criminal groups are now spreading across the globe set up enclaves in various parts of the world
Castells has estimated the annual worth of the global criminal economy to exceed $1 trillion
the use of crypto currencies

236
Q

drug trafficking

A

demand by western, supply be developing countries
20% of Columbian population depends in cocaine production

237
Q

sex trafficking of women and children

A

trafficked for sex, modern slavery etc
2016, ILO statistics:
around 24.9 million victims of human trafficking a year
4.8 million- sex trafficking (99% female)
20.1 million- labour trafficking

sociology and history (5 decks)

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