Crim Flashcards

Question

What’s psychological formulation?

Answer 1

Explains why individual commit a crime and likelihood of reoffending

Answer 2

Gain insight of motivation. Forensics psychologist may refer to similar offenses. Must relate specifically to the offender. Identify reasons allow forensics psychologist to assess risk of reoffending and possible causes that can be removed or changed.

Answer 3

Purpose serve for the individual. Behaviorist and psychodynamic perspective.

Answer 4

Establish intervention based on the conclusion. Rehabilitative program recommended that should reflect how the offending started in first place, risk of reoffending and how likely they are to stick to the program. Treatment will then reassess and adopted based on the success.

Answer 5

Criminal behavior depends on personal circumstances and factors that triggered so can’t be generalized. Forensics psychologist need to work with this uncertainty and change their approach when needed on each case

Answer 6

Provide insight into complex offending cases, brings together many agencies and professionals. Understand what causes offending helps to reduce reoffending.

Answer 7

Evidence gained from different sources may be contradictory. Info related to offense analysis and function of offending tend to be gathered through clinical interviews so subjective. Success rates measured in terms of reoffending but the most are undetected so it is actually a re conviction rate be measured.

Answer 8

Inability to control anger is the root cause also of offending. Some more likely to see certain situations as a threatening and stressful, judgment of the situation triggers anger so it’s cognitive in nature. From a behaviorist perspective, anger is reinforced by offenders feelings of control that anger gives them in that situation. Anger results from cognitive and behavioral problems so treatment need to tackle both.

Answer 9

Reflect situations that triggered anger in the past, consider they could have reacted differently. Encouraged to re-defined the situation as non-threatening, gradually perceived more rationally.

Answer 10

Taught range of behavioral techniques to help to cope effectively with anger provoking situations. Become automatic response is practiced regularly. Aim to control emotion.

Answer 11

Therapist devise situation in which the offender is able to show the skills they learned. Reconstruct events in the past.

Answer 12

Investigated anger management within an institutional setting

Answer 13

Offenders randomly allocated to anger management group or no treatment. Treatment group given 12 sessions. 3 measures of progress, interview and questionnaire for participants and behavior checklist by prison staff. Gather data t2weeks before and 8 weeks after treatment.

Answer 14

92% treatment group showed sign changes on at least one measure, 48% showed improvement on questionnaire and behavior checklist. Marked improvement for offenders judged to be violent. Control groups didn’t show improvement on any of the 3 measures.

Answer 15

Anger management is more effective than no treatment at all and is most effective for violent offenders

Answer 16

Ireland shows works best for violent offenders. Must admit and accept changes to be affective.

Answer 17

Holbrook, 26 male prisoners with a history of violence, measured desire for revenge before and upon completion of treatment, reduced sig after treatment. Works on all aspects, cognitive, behavioral and social. Safer prison environment. Researchers review 58 CBT studies, 20 used anger management and showed sig improvements in behavior.

Answer 18

Anger and offending is correlational. Short term. Following a course of 24 anger management sessions for murderer, may inc his ability to manipulate situation to his adv. In Ireland’s study, assessment was after 8 weeks, may be insufficient to realistically eva effectiveness. Not all crimes caused by anger.

Answer 19

Lack minerals, vitamins or fatty acids in diet more likely to engage in violent acts. Brain functions depends on biochemical processes and these rely on a steady supply of the right sort of nutrients. Most important of these in relation to criminal behavior is unsaturated fatty acid e.g. omega 3, vitamin B, C and D etc. More junk food, less space for healthy nutrition, lack nutrients links to mental illnesses. To improve the diet, baseline measure of diet is established so have idea of what particular minerals and vitamins are lacking. In most cases a multivitamin will be added to the diet and effect will be monitored over a given period. Dan White, junk food disturbed his mood.

Answer 20

Weather in improved diet was linked to reduction antisocial behavior

Answer 21

231 inmates. 2 weeks to 9 months, some withdraw due to parole or limited cell space. Match the four disciplinary incidence and progress in prison regime. Experimental group given daily vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acid supplements in addition to normal diet. Double blind procedure. Baseline measure of diet and assessment of anger, depression and anxiety at the beginning of the study.

Answer 22

35% reduction in disciplinary incidents per 1000 person days and 6% in control. 37% reduction in serious violent incidents and 10% in control.

Answer 23

Supplementing offenders diet with nutrients linked to a dec antisocial behavior. Likely to have implications beyond institutional setting for those eating a poor diet in the wider community.

Answer 24

Moore et al, among a group of violent offender, 69% reported eating confectionery nearly every day during childhood. Benton et a, children playing a video game become more aggre as their blood sugar level reduced. Zaalberg replicated Gesch et al with 221 young male prisoners, adding nutrients to their diet dec violent events by 34%. Gesch et al is well controlled, double blind procedure minimized demand characteristics. Schoenthaler found 48% reduction in formal disciplinary incidents after reduced sugar.

Answer 25

Gesch et al and Schoenthaler conducted in institutional setting. Correlational. Crime is a complex a social activity, can’t be addressed by a single factor alone. Fail to consider other types of crime.

Answer 26

Post event information. Leading questions. Anxiety. Weapon focus

Answer 27

Lotus and Palmer support leading questions. Ronald Cotton support effect of leading questions. Weapon focused supported by evidence, participants overheard a conversation and a man later appeared with greasy hands carrying a pen in control condition, in experimental condition participant heard an argument followed by a man holding a bloodstained knife, from a selection of 50 pic, 49% correctly identified men in control compared to 33% experimental. Above evidence was lab setting but unaware of the study. Changes to legal system.

Answer 28

Yullie and Cutshall interviewed real life shooting witnesses, 13 witnesses were interviewed by police and re-interviewed by researchers 4-5 months later and produced accurate info despite inclusions of leading questions in the second interview. The witnesses in Yullie and Cutshall’s study was highly anxious and still procedure correct info. Pickle, similar effect when a man pulled ou a raw chicken to pay.

Answer 29

Attractiveness, race and accent.

Answer 30

Jury have to decide guilt or innocence based on evidence presented. Stebley et al, neg info given to experimental and not control, 59% in experimental give a guilty verdict and 45% in control. OJ Simpson

Answer 31

Ethical, most studies are your decision making involve mock jewelries and imaginary cases. Have subjective interpretations and opinions so should be reminded by judges and other court officials they need to remain in partial I’m not letting other factors distort the interpretation of evidence.

Answer 32

Other factors may affect juries e.g. personal experience. Inconsistent result, ock jurors who discussed the case were more likely to find an attractive defendant guilty and those discussed less more likely to find plain defendant guilty.

Answer 33

Interviewed in the idea that human memory is fragile in particular memory can be influenced by post of information

Answer 34

Opportunity sample of the 45 students. Showing clips of car accidents range from 5-30 seconds. divided into 5 groups and each were asked a critical question.

Answer 35

Smashed group (40.5) have a sig higher speed estimate compared to contacted (31.8)

Answer 36

Post event info impact recall. Raises the question of whether this was because the info in the question led to a biased response or altered they are memory of the event

Answer 37

IV, changing verb. DV, speed estimates given by participants

Answer 38

150 participants shown a car accident clip. 3 conditions, 50 participants asked how fast were the cars going when they hit each other and another group we asked the same question but with the word smashed and control group were not asked for speed estimation. Participants called back in after a week asked if they saw any broken glass without second viewing and there was no broken glass in the film.

Answer 39

Smashed condition give highest speed estimate and was sign likely to report seeing broken glass (16), 7 in hit condition and 6 in control.

Answer 40

Post event information actually altered the memory of the event and generated expectations.

Answer 41

All were college students. Less driving experience. Small sample in first study, but big in second.

Answer 42

Standardized interviews at the video. Yullie and Cutshall (1986), contradictory evidence, real life witnesses give very accurate reports of the crime months after even though they were asked leading question.

Answer 43

Led to the review of the legal system. Formulated guidelines for police questioning of witnesses and suspects.

Answer 44

Lab setting, well controlled. Watching a car crash video is very different to real life experiences.

Answer 45

Participants can be deceived into believing something untrue e.g. deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene.

Answer 46

Contest reliability of EWT in real life situation while under high levels of stress

Answer 47

Labyrinth in London dungeon. Conducted pre test on visitors showed labyrinth did inc heart rate so inc arousal and fear. 56 visitors agreed to complete questionnaires in exchange for a reduced ticket price, unaware of the study. Each walked around the labyrinth, in the first 7mins, met the scary person then spent 45mins on the rest. At the end, informed consent was obtained, aim explained and given the right to withdraw. Consenting participants completed 3 questionnaires, trait anxiety inventory, measures typical state of anxiety, state anxiety inventory, measures how they felt in the labyrinth and memory questionnaire tested recall of scary person, scored for accuracy by an independent panel. Participants identified the scary person from 9 pic, matched for sex, age, ethnicity origin to the actor. Told that the actor may or may not be one of the pics.

Answer 48

Mean SAI 49, sig higher than mean TAI (36). Witnesses with high SA recalled fewer correct info. Divided into 2 groups, state anxiety higher than median (52) or lower, 17% scored higher correctly identified the scary person compared to 75% correctly identification in low SA.

Answer 49

Memory is neg affected by inc anxiety, leads to less reliable eyewitness accounts. Lab studies of EWT can’t represent real life anxiety, may underestimate effect of stress, higher level stress experience in real life crime harder to correctly identify the offender.

Answer 50

Both gender used. People visiting dungeon may preferred scary activities, unrepresentative sample.

Answer 51

Research found higher anxiety can improve recall, interview of 110 real life bank robberies witnesses who had been directly threatened or attacked recalled more accurate than onlookers. Standardized instructions.

Answer 52

Although it was a field of study, researchers able to maintain high level of control. High ecological validity, unaware of study. No ecological validity as know it was fake and have no consequences.

Answer 53

EWT should be treated with caution especially if experienced stress