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Cog Flashcards

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1
Q

Who developed Multi store memory model?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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2
Q

How many memory stores in MSM and how are they linked?

A

3 memory stores linked by transfer process

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3
Q

Sensory register

A

All stimuli from environ.
Several memory store, one of each of our 5 senses.
Encoding depend on senses.
Last briefly, less 1/2 sec duration.
High capacity.
Very little pass to memory system.

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4
Q

STM

A

Temporary store.
7+-2 capacity.
Encoded acoustically.
Duration 18-30sec.
Rehearsal to extend and pass into LTM.

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5
Q

LTM

A

Permanent memory store.
Unlimited capacity and duration.
Encoded semantically.
Has to be transferred back to STM to be recalled.

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6
Q

MSM strengths

A

Baddeley, mix up words sound similar in STM and words have similar meaning in LTM.

Miller, Barrick and Peterson, STM and LTM different in encoding, duration and capacity.

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7
Q

MSM limitations

A

Campitelli, STM is part of LTM.

KF’s recall was poor when info read out than if he read himself, more than 1 type of memory store in STM

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8
Q

MSM application

A

STM, inc by chunking

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9
Q

Who developed Working memory model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

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10
Q

What are the 4 main components?

A

CE

PL

VSS

EB

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11
Q

CE

A

Focuses, divides and switches our limited attention.
Monitor incoming data, make decisions and allocate subsystems to tasks.
Limited capacity.
Not store brief info.

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12
Q

PL

A

Auditory info.
Preserve order in which info arrive.
Divide into articulating process and phonological store.
AP allow maintenance and rehearsal to keep in PL.
2sec capacity.

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13
Q

VSS

A

Store visual or spatial info when required.
3-4 objects capacity.
Divided into visual cache and inner scribe.
VC store visual info, IS record arrangement of objects in visual field.

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14
Q

EB

A

Temporary store.
Integrate acoustic, visual and spatial info passed by other subsystems.
Maintain time sequencing to record events.
4 chunks capacity.
Combine info with LTM and link to wider cog process eg perception.

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15
Q

WMM strengths

A

Supported by dual task performance. Baddeley et al (1975), female participants performed a visual and verbal task at same time, got similar results when performed separately.

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16
Q

WMM limitations

A

CE doesn’t explain anything, may consist separate sub components eg conscious supervisory attentional process and unconscious automatic process.

KF lack generalizability and can’t be replicated.

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17
Q

WMM application

A

Understand amnesia more eg KF, poor STM with auditory info but can process visual info, damaged PL, intact VSS.

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18
Q

Who developed episodic and semantic memory?

A

Tulving (1972)

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19
Q

Why did Tulving develop this?

A

Thought MSM too simplistic, there are at least 2 LTM systems contain different types of info.

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20
Q

Episodic memory

A

Recall event episodes.
Autobiographical.
Time stamped.
Single episode memory include several elements.
Allow time travel.

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21
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge and facts stored in the broadest sense.
Allow mental representation for unpresent things
Less vulnerable to distortion.
Not time stamped.
Constantly being added to.

22
Q

Procedural memory

A

Actions or skills.
Unconscious recall.

23
Q

Developmental psych:Alzheimer’s

A

Affect episodic first as hippocampus play a role in episodic.
Later lose ability to use knowledge stored in semantic.

24
Q

Episodic and semantic strengths

A

HM, damaged episodic, relatively unaffected semantic, 2 memory store in LTM.

25
Q

Episodic and semantic limitations

A

Case studies lack comparisons.

Some argue it’s separate from LTM. Tulving, possible to have a functioning semantic and damaged episodic but impossible to have functioning episodic with damaged semantic.

26
Q

Applications

A

Understanding of distinction help people with memory issues.

27
Q

What’s reconstructive memory?

A

Fragments of stored info, resembled during recall. Gaps filled by expectations so produce a story that make sense.

28
Q

What’s schema?

A

Mental framework of beliefs and expectations. Born with schema, develop as we grow.

29
Q

Reproduction vs reconstruction

A

Some believe we can accurately recall. Bartlett, store fragments of info and its reconstructed when need to recall so some are missing and distorted.

30
Q

War of the ghost

A

Bartlett showed British participants American folk tale. When recalling, they altered story to fit their own cultural schema.

31
Q

What is schema theory?

A

Memory is affected by schemas.
Similarities and differences between individuals.
Relevant schema activated in everyday.
Schema influence encoding, store and retrieve.
Conflict knowledge not encoded.

32
Q

Individual differences in schema

A

Schema built from personal experiences.
Content differs between people.

33
Q

Reconstructive and schema theory strengths

A

High ecological validity, other researches use artificial tasks.

34
Q

Reconstructive and schema theory limitations

A

Not highly controlled, lack objectivity.

Not all memories are inaccurate, participants recalled ‘something black came out of his mouth’

35
Q

Reconstructive and schema theory application

A

Can be used to explain EWT.

36
Q

Working memory aim

A

Influence of acoustic and semantic words similarity on learning and recall in STM and LTM.

37
Q

Procedure

A

Spirit into 4 groups of acoustically and semantically similar or dissimilar.
Independent group design.
A list of 10 words was presented via projector, 1 word 3sec in the correct order.
15mins interference task, given an unexpected retest.

38
Q

Findings

A

Participants did less well when using STM in acoustically similar, LTM performed same on acoustically similar and dissimilar words.
Semantically similar words are more difficult to recall.

39
Q

Conclusion

A

STM uses acoustic code.
LTM uses semantic.

40
Q

Working memory study generalizability

A

Large sample of 72.

4 conditions, each only had 15-20.

Volunteer sample.

British participants only.

41
Q

Reliability

A

Standardized procedures eg word list.

Baddeley replaced read aloud word list with slides.

42
Q

Application

A

Can be applied to revision.

Allow psychologists to build on research and investigate LTM more in depth, interference task has been influential.

43
Q

Validity

A

Recall list rather than words.

Baddeley improved the study eg surprise 5th trial, similar to real life.

Recalling order may be artificial.

44
Q

Contemporary study:Steyer and Hemmer (2008) aim

A

Contributions of episodic and semantic to recall objects in naturalistic setting.

45
Q

Procedure

A

Experimentally assessing prior knowledge in semantic and testing recall from realistic materials.
Lab experiment, independent group design.
Sample of 96.
Phase 1 assessed prior knowledge, list all expected objects in 5 given scenes.
Phase 2, memory experiments, did an interference task after each scene and list objects they can recall.

46
Q

Findings

A

Error rate for expected objects was 9% and 18% for unexpected.
Recall more accurate in natural setting.
Error rate of recalling unpresent objects was 19%

47
Q

Conclusion

A

Prior knowledge contribute more in recall than episodic as we can make guesses and focus on unnatural objects.
Many fail to consider ecological validity but too much control lead to wrong conclusion.

48
Q

Contemporary study:Steyer and Hemmer (2008) strengths

A

High ecological validity

49
Q

Limitations

A

Too controlled procedures

50
Q

Application

A

Can be used to improve EWT, encourage educated guess.

Psych (10 decks)

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