Crim Flashcards
Elements of Murder
- actus reus – voluntary killing
- mens rea – malice aforethought
- causation – actual and proximate cause
- concurrence – coexistence of killing and malice aforethought
Malice aforethought can be proved by establishing one of four mental states:
- intent to kill
- intent to cause great bodily injury
- reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life (depraved heart)
- intent to commit a felony (felony murder rule)
Two methods D can use to mitigate murder to voluntary manslaughter
- adequate provocation
2. imperfect self-defense (mistaken justification)
Attempt elements
- specific intent to commit crime
2. overt act beyond mere preparation
Larceny elements
- actus reus – trespassory taking and carrying away of personal property
- mens rea – intent to permanently deprive
- causation – actual and proximate cause
- concurrence – coexistence of taking and intent to permanently deprive
Nonlawful possession – takes $ out of cash register at end of shift
Embezzlement elements
- actus reus – fraudulent conversion of personal property
- mens rea – intent to defraud
- causation – actual and proximate cause
- concurrence – coexistence of conversion and intent to defraud
Lawful possession at the time of misappropriation (high level agents, fiduciaries, etc.) – takes $ from customer and puts it directly into pocket
False pretenses elements
- actus reus – obtaining title to property by a knowing false representation of past or present material fact
- mens rea – intent to defraud
- causation – actual and proximate cause
- concurrence – coexistence of obtaining title and intent to defraud
Thief obtains title
Larceny by trick elements
- actus reus – obtaining custody to property by a knowing false representation of past or present material fact
- mens rea – intent to defraud
- causation – actual and proximate cause
- concurrence – coexistence of obtaining custody and intent to defraud
Thief obtains possession
Exceptions to the warrant requirement
- stop and frisk
- search incident to lawful arrest
- plain view
- automobile exception
- consent
- hot pursuit
- exigent circumstances
Stop and Frisk Doctrine
If reasonable and articulable suspicion, police may
-briefly stop and question suspect AND
-frisk suspect’s outer clothing for weapons only
Police may reach into suspect’s clothing and seize an item if they reasonably believe the object is contraband based on its plain feel
5th amendment triggered by
a custodial interrogation
- custody: would a reasonable person feel free to terminate? How similar is the situation to traditional arrest?
- interrogation: behavior the police should know is reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response
Miranda rights are:
silence, right to counsel
6th Amendment
Govt may not elicit incriminating statements from D without aid of counsel once formal charges have been filed
This is offense specific – only applies to the current charge- can be questioned about other offenses
5A or 6A is offense specific?
6A
only applies to the current charge- can be questioned about other offenses
4A Standing
D must have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the premises searched or the items seized
-must be violated to establish standing
State has jx over a crime if
- act committed in state
- result occurred in state
Solicitation and attempt ____ merge into completed crime
DOES
Conspiracy ___ merge into completed crime
DOES NOT
can be convicted of both conspiracy to commit X and X
Under MPC, D may not be convicted of ___ inchoate crime
More than one
Felonies generally punishable by
Death or imprisonment for more than one year
Elements of a crime
Almost always requires proof of -physical act (actus reus) -mental state (mens rea) -concurrence of the act and mental state (may also require proof of result and causation)
Crime element: physical act
D must have performed voluntary physical act or failed to act
Legal duty to act can arise by
- statute
- contract (ex lifeguard or nurse on duty)
- by relationship between parties (ex parent/child)
- voluntary assumption of care
- D created the peril for the victim
Defenses to specific intent crimes only
- voluntary intoxication
- unreasonable mistake of fact
Specific intent crimes
“Students Can Always Fake A Laugh, Even For Ridiculous Bar Facts” Solicitation Conspiracy Attempt First degree premeditated murder Assault Larceny Embezzlement False pretenses Robbery Burglary Forgery
Malice crimes at common law
- murder
- arson
Intent necessary for malice crimes
Reckless disregard of obvious or high risk that particular harmful result will occur
General intent crimes do not get ______
The defenses to specific intent crimes only (voluntary intoxication, unreasonable mistake of fact)
Strict liability offenses
- no mens rea requirement
- D guilty from committing act
Consent of the victim or mistake of fact or intent are ___ the correct answer choice for strict liability question
NEVER
MPC mental states
- purposely
- knowingly
- recklessly
- negligence
Purposely, knowingly, or recklessly—subjective or objective standard?
Subjective
A person acts purposely when
their conscious object is to engage in certain conduct or cause a certain result
A person acts knowingly with respect to the nature of their conduct when
They are aware conduct is of a particular nature or certain circumstances exist
A person acts recklessly when
They consciously disregard a substantial and unjustifiable risk, gross deviation from the standard of care
A person acts negligently when
They fail to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk
(objective standard)
Which of the MPC mental states uses an objective standard?
Negligence
Transferred intent
- D intended to harm different victim or object
- applies to homicide, battery, and arson
D tries to shoot A but misses and kills B. Can be charged with
Murder (B) and attempted murder (A)
transferred intent
Common law parties to a crime
- principals in the first degree (persons who engage in the act that constitutes the crime)
- principals in the second degree (persons who aid, advise, or encourage AND are present)
- accessories before the fact (persons who assisted or encouraged but were not present)
- accessories after the fact (persons who, with knowledge other committed felony, assisted them escape arrest or punishment)
Modern statutes and parties to a crime:
- principal: engages in the crime
- accomplice: aids, advises, encourages
- accessory after the fact: assists felon in escaping, etc.
Dual intent required for accomplices
Accomplice must have
1. intent to assist the principal in the commission of the crime
2. intent that the principal commit the substantive offense
IF the substantive offense requires negligence or recklessness, the accomplice must
1. intend to facilitate the commission of the crime
2. act with recklessness or negligence (whichever applies to the substantive offense)
Most courts hold that mere knowledge that a crime will result IS or IS NOT enough for accomplice liability?
IS NOT
Scope of liability for accomplices
An accomplice is responsible for the crimes they did or counseled and for any other crimes committed in the course of committing the crime contemplated to the same extent as the principal, as long as the other crimes were probable or foreseeable
Withdrawal from accomplice liability
- must repudiate encouragement
- must attempt to neutralize any assistance
- notifying police or taking other action to prevent crime also sufficient
- mere withdrawal is not sufficient
Three inchoate offenses
- conspiracy
- solicitation
- attempt
Elements of conspiracy
- agreement between 2 or more persons
- intent to enter into agreement (need not be express)
- intent to achieve UNLAWFUL objective
- overt act required by majority of states
Modern/unilateral approach to conspiracy parties
Only one party must have criminal intent
Traditional/bilateral approach to conspiracy parties
At least two parties must have criminal intent
Two “guilty minds”
Overt act for conspiracy
- not required at common law
- now, an overt act is required by most states (any little act, even mere preparation)
A conspiracy usually terminates upon
Completion of the wrongful objective
A conspirator may be held liable for crimes committed by other conspirators if the crimes
- were committed in furtherance of the objectives of the conspiracy AND
- were foreseeable
Factual impossibility ___ a defense to conspiracy
IS NOT
Withdrawal from conspiracy ____ a defense to conspiracy
IS NOT (may be a defense to crimes committed in furtherance of conspiracy) (conspirator must perform affirmative act that notifies co-conspirators of withdrawal in time for them to abandon plans)
Is there merger for conspiracy?
No, D can be convicted of conspiracy to commit X and X
Solicitation definition
Asking another person to commit a crime, with intent that the person commit it
Attempt definition
Overt act done with intent to commit a crime that falls short of completing it
Attempt always requires
Specific intent
Overt act for attempt
- act beyond mere preparation
- traditional/proximity test: dangerously close to completion
- modern/majority test: substantial step in course of conduct
Abandonment of attempt
- not a defense at common law
- defense under MPC if fully voluntary and complete
Legal impossibility ___ a defense to attempt
IS
rare
Factual impossibility ___ a defense to attempt
IS NOT
Is factual impossibility a defense to any inchoate crime?
No
Prosecution for attempt
D charged only with completed crime may be found guilty for completed crime OR attempt
D charged only with attempt may NOT be convicted of completed crime
Common law murder definition
Unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought
Malice aforethought requires one of the following
- intent to kill
- intent to inflict great bodily injury
- reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life (depraved heart)
- intent to commit a felony
Intentional use of a deadly weapon authorizes a permissive inference of
Intent to kill
Deliberate and premeditated first degree murder
-D made decision to kill in cool and dispassionate manner and actually reflected on idea of killing
First degree felony murder
A killing committed during the commission of an enumerated felony
Majority rule: killing a cop when you know they are a cop and acting in the line of duty is
First degree murder
Second degree murder
- usually reckless indifference to an unjustifiably high risk to human life (depraved heart)
- anything that is not first degree
Felony murder rule
Any death, even accidental, caused during the commission of, or in an attempt to commit, a felony is murder
Common law: BARRK felonies: burglary, arson, rape, robbery, kidnapping
States have added more
Limitation on felony murder liability
- D must have committed or attempted to commit the underlying felony
- felony must be distinct from killing itself
- death must have been foreseeable
- death must have been caused before immediate flight from felony ended
Proximate cause theory in felony murder rule
Felon liable for deaths of innocent victims caused by someone other than co-felon
Minority view
Agency theory in felony murder rule
Felon liable only if killing committed by felon or agent
Majority view
Voluntary manslaughter
a killing that would be murder but for the existence of adequate provocation
adequate provocation for manslaughter
- provocation would arouse sudden and intent passion in the mind of an ordinary person
- D was in fact provoked
- not sufficient time between provocation and killing for passions of a reasonable person to cool
- D in fact did not cool off
Imperfect self-defense
Murder maybe reduced to manslaughter even though
- D was at fault in starting the altercation
- D unreasonably but honestly believed in the necessity of responding with deadly force
Involuntary manslaughter
- killing committed with criminal negligence (or recklessness under MPC) (ex driving a car) OR
- killing committed during commission of unlawful act (misdemeanor or unenumerated felony)
Abandoned and malignant heart murder at common law involves a high risk of death while involuntary manslaughter based on recklessness requires only a _____ risk.
Substantial
Causation for homicide
D’s conduct must be both the cause-in-fact (but for) and the proximate cause of the victim’s death
Rules of causation
-act that hastens an inevitable result is still the legal cause of that result
-simultaneous acts of two or more persons may be independently sufficient causes
of a single result
-victim’s preexisting weakness or fragility, even if unforeseeable, does not break the chain of causation
Year and a day rule
Death of victim must occur within a year and a day
Most states have abolished
Intervening acts
Generally, an intervening act shields the defendant from liability if the act is a coincidence or is outside the foreseeable sphere of risk created by the defendant
-a third party’s negligent medical care and the victim’s refusal of medical treatment for religious reasons are both foreseeable risks, so D would be liable
Battery
Unlaw application of force to the person of another resulting in either bodily injury or offensive touching
Battery is a ___intent crime
General
NO specific intent defenses voluntary intoxication and unreasonable mistake of fact
Aggravated battery
- battery with a deadly weapon
- battery resulting in serious bodily harm
- battery of a child, woman, or police officer
Assault
Either
1. attempt to commit battery OR
2. the intentional creation, other than by mere words, of a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the victim of imminent bodily harm
If there has been actual touching of the victim, can only be battery, not assault
Aggravated assault
- use of deadly or dangerous weapon
- intent to rape, maim, murder
False imprisonment
Unlawful confinement of a person without valid consent
MPC requires that the confinement must “interfere substantially” with the victim’s liberty
Kidnapping usually involves
- some movement of the victim OR
- concealment of the victim in a secret place
Aggravated kidnapping
- ransom
- for the purpose of committing other crimes
- for offensive purposes
- child stealing
Rape
The slightest penetration is sufficient
Statutory rape definition
Carnal knowledge of a person under the age of consent Strict liability (mistake as to age not a defense)
Larceny definition
Taking and carrying away of tangible personal property of another by trespass with intent to permanently deprive
Asportation
The slightest movement of the property is enough for larceny
Larceny requires that at the time of the taking, the D
intended to permanently deprive a person of their property
Insufficient intent for larceny
- belief property is D’s
- intent to borrow property
- intent to keep property as repayment of debt
- some right to the property
There ___ be larceny were D intends to pay for the goods if the goods were not for sale or intends to collect a reward from the owner (if there is no intent to return the goods absent a reward)
MAY
Larceny can be committed with lost or mislaid property but not with
Abandoned property
Continuing trespass
D wrongly takes property without intent to permanently deprive and later decides to keep it = larceny
NOT larceny if the original taking was not wrongful
Embezzlement
Fraudulent conversion of personal property of another by person in lawful possession of that property
Must intend to defraud
If D intends to restore the exact property taken, it ___ embezzlement
IS NOT
Similar or substantially identical, not exact property = embezzlement (even if its money)
Embezzlement ____ committed if the conversion is pursuant to a claim of right to the property
IS NOT
Embezzlement reminders
- often a trustee
- only possession is required, no need to carry away
- embezzler does not have to get the benefit
False pretenses
Obtaining title to personal property of another by intentional false statement of past or existing fact with intent to defraud
Victim must be deceived by or act in reliance on misrepresentation
Larceny by trick versus false pretenses
Larceny by trick: victim gives up custody or possession of property
False pretenses: victim gives up title to property
Robbery
Taking of personal property of another from the other’s person or presence by force or threats of imminent harm with intent to permanently deprive
Robbery versus larceny
Robbery requires force or threats, larceny does not
Mugging = robbery
Pickpockets = larceny
Simulated deadly weapon ____ armed robbery
IS
Extorsion
(modern statutes)
Obtaining property by means of threats to do harm or expose information
Extorsion versus robbery
Extorsion threats may relate to future harm and the taking does not have to be in the presence of the victim
Receipt of stolen property
Receiving possession and control of stolen personal property KNOWN to have been obtained an a criminal manner by another person with intent to permanently deprive the owner
Forgery
Making or altering a writing with apparent legal significance so that it is false with intent to defraud
Burglary (common law)
Breaking and entering of dwelling of another at nighttime with intent to commit a felony in the structure
Breaking for burglary can be
Actual (NOT coming in through a wide open door on the outside, but it is if they open an interior door)
Constructive (breaking by fraud or threat)