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Toxicology CT 1 > Credit test 1 even more ... > Flashcards

Credit test 1 even more ... Flashcards

1
Q

How toxic substrates may be determined after adjustment?

A
  • Water extract = Chlorides, Urea, Nitrates, Metals
  • Mineralization = Metals
  • Extraction with organic solvent = Pesticides, Alkaloids, Mycotoxines, Narcotics
  • Steam distillation = Cyanide, Formaldehyde, Phenols, Aldehydes, Alcohols
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2
Q

Zn3P2 is determined by?

A

Without adjustment, with AgNO3

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3
Q

Reinisch test is for determination of?

A

-Mercury ( Silver flakes coat Hg)
-General test for heavy metals (HCl soak, Cu strip)

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4
Q

What system detoxicate MtHb to Hb in the organism?

A

MtHb normally in low concentration in RBC, if higher it must be reconverted to reduce Hb by intaerythrocytary MtHb reductase

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5
Q

Mechanism of creating MtHb?

A

NO3- > NO2- : Fe2+ > Fe3+
Iron is oxidized

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6
Q

Which compounds can be determined without adjustment?

A
  • Zink phosphide
  • As( Arsenic = Gutzeits test)
  • Hg (Mercury = Reinich test)
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7
Q

Compounds needing water extraction to determine?

A
  • NaCl
  • Nitrate
  • Nitrite
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8
Q

Compounds that cause MtHb-emia?

A
  • Nitrites if pH is higher: NH2 passes rumen wall, pH lower: NH4+ cannot pass.
  • Chlorates
  • Chromium
  • Carbamates
  • Oxides of nitrogen
  • Aromatic nitro and amino compounds
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9
Q

Determination methods pre/post adjustment?

A
  • Mineralization
  • Water extraction
  • Stem distillation
  • Organic solvent extraction
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10
Q

Method for determining NaCl?

A
  • NO3 polarography
  • Water extraction
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11
Q

Samples for CHTA can be preserved by?

A

Cooling without the use of chemicals (freezing) or by use of formaldehyde(1:9 of neutral formaldehyde – 1 part of 40%formaldehyde, 9 parts of water)

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12
Q

What is formaldehyde determinated by + how is it extracted?

A

Fehlings solution I+II (red clotting), steam distillation. Can be as a disinfectant preservative

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13
Q

What is LD50?

A

Lethal dose for 50% of the exposed population under controlled conditions

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14
Q

Name the tests which are used for testing of new chemical poisoning?

A
  • Test of acute oral toxicity
  • Test of skin sensibility
  • Inhalation test
  • Reproductive test and developmental studies
  • Carcinogenicity
  • Test of mutagenicity
  • Chronic and subchronic tests
  • Immunotoxicity test
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15
Q

which clinical symptoms follows in organophosphate poisoning?

A
  • GIT: hypersalivation, abdominal spasms/pain, diarrhea
  • Respiratory: bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema, dyspnea
  • Heart: bradycardia
  • Eye:miosis
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16
Q

Which methods do we use for the determination of organophosphate in biological material?

A

TLC and GC

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17
Q

PCB(poly chlorinated biphenols) is determined by?

A

GC

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18
Q

Pb is qualitatively determined with?

A

H2SO4 (white clot)

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19
Q

LD 50 of urea in unaccustomed ruminants?

A

0,3 – 0,5 g/kg

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20
Q

What is an important diagnostic aid in organophosphate poisoning?

A

Cholinesterase activity

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21
Q

What is the therapy for urea poisoning?

A
  • 0,5-3 % acetic acid (or 0.1-03 % HCl), 3-5 liters for cattle, 1L for sheep.
  • If there is not acid available – then 20-30 L of cold water
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22
Q

Urea concentration in food is determined by?

A

Water extract and spectrophotometry

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23
Q

How might toxic substances be determined after its adjustment?

A
  • H2O and Organic solvent extraction
  • Steam distillation
  • Mineralization
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24
Q

Typical for Mercury?

A
  • Kill the erythrocytes
  • Metallic taste in mouth
  • Cyanosis – blue mucous membranes
  • Disturbances of the hearing and vision
  • Black gingiva (tannhold)
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25
Q

How do we quantitative determine MtHb in blood?

A

by Spectrophotometry

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26
Q

Method for detecting urea in milk:

A

spectophotometry

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27
Q

The method of extraction are as follows

A
  • Water extract
  • Extraction with organic solvent
  • Steam distillation
  • Mineralization
28
Q

MCPA (methyl chloro phenoxy acetic acid
→ herbicide) determined by method

A

TLC (thin layer chromatography)

29
Q

Formaldehyde determined by

A

Steam distillation (Fehling – red clotting)

30
Q

Result of warfarin determination is which colour stain?

A

Blue (on yellow background)

31
Q

Dragendorfs & Marquis agents are the detecting agents for

A

Alkaloids

32
Q

Warfarin – mechanism of action

A

Anticoagulation action – stops production of prothrombin in liver, prolongs clotting time of blood, damaging capillaries &
causing haemorrhages & bleeding out

33
Q

Supermethrin (AKA permethrin) used as an

A

Insecticide (determined by GC)

34
Q

Detection methods (7)

A

o Spectrophotometry
o Atomic absorbing spectrophotometry
o Mass spectrometry
o Physical method
o Chromatographic methods (TLC, GC, HPLC)
o Polarography (electro-chemical method)
o Thermo emissing method

35
Q

Compounds that cause methaemoglobinemia

A

Nitrites, chlorine, chromium, potassium hexacyanoferrate, carbonate compounds
If pH increases – NH3 passes rumen wall
If pH decreases – NH4 can’t pass

36
Q

How is formaldehyde determined?
How is it extracted?

A

Fehling’s solution 1&2 (red clotting)
Steam distillation

37
Q

Specific antidote in warfarin poisoning

A

Vit K or K1

38
Q

MCPA used as

A

Herbicide & algicide

39
Q

MCPA determined

A

TLC

40
Q

Alfatoxin B1-B2 fluoresce with

A

Blue visible light

41
Q

Monensin & Salinomicin determined by

A

TLC

42
Q

Principle constituent of opium (10%)

A

Morphine

43
Q

Formaldehyde used as

A

Disinfectant

44
Q

Which compound has ability of fluorescence

A

Alfatoxins

45
Q

Electrophoresis gives

A

Isoenzyme LDH 1-5

46
Q

Determination of PCB?
Is purification used also?

A

GC
Yes (H2SO4)

47
Q

Alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds which have

A

Alkaline character

47
Q

Alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds which have

A

Alkaline character

48
Q

Pb is qualitatively determined with

A

H2SO4

49
Q

OECD test used for testing new chemicals

A

o Repro test
o Skin sensibility test
o Inhalation test
o Acute oral toxicity test
o Carcinogenicity & mutagenicity test
o Chronic & subchronic test

50
Q

Mechanism of action of organophosphates

A

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)

51
Q

Which compounds can we determine without sample adjustment?

A

o Zinc phosphide
o Mercury
o Arsenic

52
Q

Which are the chemicals which need water extract as part of their determination?

A

o NaCl
o Nitrite
o Nitrate

53
Q

Determination of mycotoxins by

A

Fluorescence

54
Q

Typical colours of alfatoxins

A

o Blue (B1, B2)
o Green (G1, G2)

55
Q

Which methods used for mycotoxins &
alkaloids?

A

Chromatographic techniques

56
Q

How many isoenzymes do lactodehydrogenase have?

A

5

57
Q

Which kind of compound do we used for steam distillation?

A

Aldehydes

58
Q

Principle of determination of DNOC

A

pH changing

59
Q

Treatment against intox with organophosphates

A

Atropine

60
Q

Coumarin derivatives

A

o Warfarin
o Brodifacoum
o Bromadiolone

61
Q

Clinical symptoms in organophosphate poisoning

A

o Hypersalivation
o Tachypnoea
o Bradypnoea
o Apathy
o Tetany

62
Q

Methods for determination of organophosphate in toxicological material

A

o TLC
o GC
o Bromthymol blue

63
Q

Which colour is typical as result of DNOC
determination?

A

Yellow

64
Q

Patho derivatives of MtHb

A

o Cyan-Hb (cyanogenic glycosides)
o Cyan-MtHb (cyanide detoxication)
o Sulp-Hb (hydrogen sulphide)
o Carboxy-Hb (carbonaceous material)

Toxicology CT 1 (4 decks)

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