- Kill the erythrocytes - Metallic taste in mouth - Cyanosis – blue mucous membranes - Disturbances of the hearing and vision - Black gingiva (tannhold)

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How toxic substrates may be determined after adjustment?

Water extract = Chlorides, Urea, Nitrates, Metals
Mineralization = Metals
Extraction with organic solvent = Pesticides, Alkaloids, Mycotoxines, Narcotics
Steam distillation = Cyanide, Formaldehyde, Phenols, Aldehydes, Alcohols

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Zn3P2 is determined by?

Without adjustment, with AgNO3

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Reinisch test is for determination of?

-Mercury ( Silver flakes coat Hg)
-General test for heavy metals (HCl soak, Cu strip)

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What system detoxicate MtHb to Hb in the organism?

MtHb normally in low concentration in RBC, if higher it must be reconverted to reduce Hb by intaerythrocytary MtHb reductase

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Mechanism of creating MtHb?

NO3- > NO2- : Fe2+ > Fe3+
Iron is oxidized

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Which compounds can be determined without adjustment?

Zink phosphide
As( Arsenic = Gutzeits test)
Hg (Mercury = Reinich test)

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Compounds needing water extraction to determine?

NaCl
Nitrate
Nitrite

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Compounds that cause MtHb-emia?

Nitrites if pH is higher: NH2 passes rumen wall, pH lower: NH4+ cannot pass.
Chlorates
Chromium
Carbamates
Oxides of nitrogen
Aromatic nitro and amino compounds

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Determination methods pre/post adjustment?

Mineralization
Water extraction
Stem distillation
Organic solvent extraction

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Method for determining NaCl?

NO3 polarography
Water extraction

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Samples for CHTA can be preserved by?

Cooling without the use of chemicals (freezing) or by use of formaldehyde(1:9 of neutral formaldehyde – 1 part of 40%formaldehyde, 9 parts of water)

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What is formaldehyde determinated by + how is it extracted?

Fehlings solution I+II (red clotting), steam distillation. Can be as a disinfectant preservative

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What is LD50?

Lethal dose for 50% of the exposed population under controlled conditions

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Name the tests which are used for testing of new chemical poisoning?

Test of acute oral toxicity
Test of skin sensibility
Inhalation test
Reproductive test and developmental studies
Carcinogenicity
Test of mutagenicity
Chronic and subchronic tests
Immunotoxicity test

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which clinical symptoms follows in organophosphate poisoning?

GIT: hypersalivation, abdominal spasms/pain, diarrhea
Respiratory: bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema, dyspnea
Heart: bradycardia
Eye:miosis

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Which methods do we use for the determination of organophosphate in biological material?

TLC and GC

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PCB(poly chlorinated biphenols) is determined by?

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Pb is qualitatively determined with?

H2SO4 (white clot)

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LD 50 of urea in unaccustomed ruminants?

0,3 – 0,5 g/kg

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What is an important diagnostic aid in organophosphate poisoning?

Cholinesterase activity

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What is the therapy for urea poisoning?

0,5-3 % acetic acid (or 0.1-03 % HCl), 3-5 liters for cattle, 1L for sheep.
If there is not acid available – then 20-30 L of cold water

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Urea concentration in food is determined by?

Water extract and spectrophotometry

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How might toxic substances be determined after its adjustment?

H2O and Organic solvent extraction
Steam distillation
Mineralization

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Typical for Mercury?

Kill the erythrocytes
Metallic taste in mouth
Cyanosis – blue mucous membranes
Disturbances of the hearing and vision
Black gingiva (tannhold)

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How do we quantitative determine MtHb in blood?

by Spectrophotometry

Method for detecting urea in milk:

spectophotometry

The method of extraction are as follows

- Water extract - Extraction with organic solvent - Steam distillation - Mineralization

MCPA (methyl chloro phenoxy acetic acid → herbicide) determined by method

TLC (thin layer chromatography)

Formaldehyde determined by

Steam distillation (Fehling – red clotting)

Result of warfarin determination is which colour stain?

Blue (on yellow background)

Dragendorfs & Marquis agents are the detecting agents for

Alkaloids

Warfarin – mechanism of action

Anticoagulation action – stops production of prothrombin in liver, prolongs clotting time of blood, damaging capillaries & causing haemorrhages & bleeding out

Supermethrin (AKA permethrin) used as an

Insecticide (determined by GC)

Detection methods (7)

o Spectrophotometry o Atomic absorbing spectrophotometry o Mass spectrometry o Physical method o Chromatographic methods (TLC, GC, HPLC) o Polarography (electro-chemical method) o Thermo emissing method

Compounds that cause methaemoglobinemia

Nitrites, chlorine, chromium, potassium hexacyanoferrate, carbonate compounds If pH increases – NH3 passes rumen wall If pH decreases – NH4 can’t pass

How is formaldehyde determined? How is it extracted?

Fehling’s solution 1&2 (red clotting) Steam distillation

Specific antidote in warfarin poisoning

Vit K or K1

MCPA used as

Herbicide & algicide

MCPA determined

TLC

Alfatoxin B1-B2 fluoresce with

Blue visible light

Monensin & Salinomicin determined by

TLC

Principle constituent of opium (10%)

Morphine

Formaldehyde used as

Disinfectant

Which compound has ability of fluorescence

Alfatoxins

Electrophoresis gives

Isoenzyme LDH 1-5

Determination of PCB? Is purification used also?

GC Yes (H2SO4)

Alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds which have

Alkaline character

Alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds which have

Alkaline character

Pb is qualitatively determined with

H2SO4

OECD test used for testing new chemicals

o Repro test o Skin sensibility test o Inhalation test o Acute oral toxicity test o Carcinogenicity & mutagenicity test o Chronic & subchronic test

Mechanism of action of organophosphates

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)

Which compounds can we determine without sample adjustment?

o Zinc phosphide o Mercury o Arsenic

Which are the chemicals which need water extract as part of their determination?

o NaCl o Nitrite o Nitrate

Determination of mycotoxins by

Fluorescence

Typical colours of alfatoxins

o Blue (B1, B2) o Green (G1, G2)

Which methods used for mycotoxins & alkaloids?

Chromatographic techniques

How many isoenzymes do lactodehydrogenase have?

Which kind of compound do we used for steam distillation?

Aldehydes

Principle of determination of DNOC

pH changing

Treatment against intox with organophosphates

Atropine

Coumarin derivatives

o Warfarin o Brodifacoum o Bromadiolone

Clinical symptoms in organophosphate poisoning

o Hypersalivation o Tachypnoea o Bradypnoea o Apathy o Tetany

Methods for determination of organophosphate in toxicological material

o TLC o GC o Bromthymol blue

Which colour is typical as result of DNOC determination?

Yellow

Patho derivatives of MtHb

o Cyan-Hb (cyanogenic glycosides) o Cyan-MtHb (cyanide detoxication) o Sulp-Hb (hydrogen sulphide) o Carboxy-Hb (carbonaceous material)

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