Creativity Flashcards
What is the 4Ps approach to creativity?
The 4Ps approach includes:
* Person
* Process
* Product
* Press
Define the ‘Person’ aspect in the 4Ps approach to creativity.
In its narrow sense, creativity refers to the abilities that are most characteristic of creative people.
What are personal traits of creative individuals?
Traits include:
* instrinsic motivation
* risk-taking
* Firm sense of self as ‘creative’
* Broad interests
* Attraction to complexity
* High energy
* Autonomy
* Intuition
* Self-confidence
* Ability to resolve antinomies/paradoxes
What is intrinsic motivation in relation to creativity?
Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in tasks driven by internal rewards, which tends to enhance creativity.
What does ‘creative self-efficacy’ reflect?
Creative self-efficacy reflects one’s confidence in the ability to perform specific tasks in the innovation process.
- defined as employees’ self-view or self-belief concerning the extent to which they are capable of being creative and is positively related to creative performance (Tierney and Farmer (2002)
What is the ‘Process’ aspect in the 4Ps approach to creativity?
The creative thinking process involves forming associative elements into new combinations that meet specified requirements or are useful.
- Forming associations
- Chain of ideas
- Divergent thinking and problem-solving
What defines a creative product?
A creative product is anything that produces effective surprise in the observer, along with a shock of recognition.
What factors affect creative development as stated by Simonton (process)?
Creative development is influenced by (Simonton, 1975):
* Role model availability
* Political fragmentation
* Imperial instability
* Political instability
What is a ‘creative project’?
A creative project is an emergent trajectory of interdependent action initiated by multiple actors to introduce change into a social context.
What is the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT)?
The CAT assesses whether a product or response is creative based on the independent agreement of appropriate observers.
What is the problem with the product approach to creativity?
The product approach often informs us only about productivity and not about creativity, which can be misleading.
Creativity is the ability to generate ideas and/or artefacts that are ______, surprising, and valuable.
new
What are the three types of skills relevant to creativity?
Domain-relevant skills, creativity-relevant skills, intrinsic task motivation (Amabile, 1983)
What is the main issue with the product approach to creativity?
It informs us only about productivity and not about creativity
Runco, 2004
Define creativity according to Boden (2016).
The ability to generate ideas and/or artefacts that are new, surprising, and valuable
What does ‘press’ refer to in the context of creativity?
Pressures on the creative process or on a creative person, which can be objective (alpha) or subjective (beta)
Murray, 1938
What is a common misconception about creative insight?
A creative insight is not a quick ‘aha!’ but instead is protracted
Gruber, 1981a
List the 7 situational influences on creativity identified by Witt and Beorkrem (1989). (Relates to PRESS)
- Freedom
- Autonomy
- Good role models
- Resources (including time)
- Encouragement for originality
- Freedom from criticism
- Norms that prize innovation and do not penalize failure
How does family structure affect creativity according to Sulloway (1996)?
Middle children are the most rebellious and are therefore potentially creative
What are potential inhibitors to creativity?
- Lack of respect for originality
- Red tape
- Constraint
- Lack of autonomy and resources
- Inappropriate norms
- Project management issues
- Feedback
- Time pressure
- Competition
- Unrealistic expectations
Define ‘Big C’, ‘mini C’, and ‘little c’ in creativity.
- Big C: Eminent creativity
- Mini C: Personal creativity
- Little c: Everyday creativity
“Big C” = rare displays of creativity that have major impact on others — a new big invention
“Mini C” = personal knowledge and understanding; framework, patterns, innovative research qs
“Little C” = daily problem solving and adapt to change — a new product/ process
Beghetto & Kaufman, 2007
What is the Alternate Uses Test (AUT)?
A manual creativity measurement tool assessing the number of alternative uses for a common object
Guilford, 1967
What does fluency measure in creativity assessment?
The number of ideas generated
What is originality in the context of creativity measurement?
The originality /unique of the ideas, relative to other participants or to a database; statistical rarity of the ideas
What is the purpose of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking?
To measure creative thinking through various tasks
Torrance, 1966, 2008
True or False: Creativity can be both inhibited and stimulated depending on an individual’s interpretation.
True
What are (ANTIQUE-O) creative thinking skills?
- Questioning
- Association
- Observation
- Experimenting
- Networking
- Iterating
- Using creativity tools like SCAMPER
What does the term ‘semantic distance’ refer to in creativity assessment?
A measure of how related or unrelated words are in the context of creativity tasks
Beaty and Johnson, 2021
Fill in the blank: A creative insight is often a _______ process.
protracted
What is the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT)?
A method for evaluating creativity output by external experts
Amabile, 1982
What is the Divergent Association Task (DAT)?
A computerized creativity measurement tool that requires naming unrelated words
Olson et al., 2021
What does ‘flexibility’ refer to in creativity measurement?
number of different categories of ideas produced
What does ‘elaboration’ mean in creativity measurement?
The level of detail in each idea
What is the ‘Work Approach Creativity’ or Work/Efforts model?
It defines creativity as the process of engagement in creative acts, regardless of whether the end result is useful/novel or creative.
What is the ‘Work Approach Creativity’ or Work/Efforts model?
It defines creativity as the process of engagement in creative acts, regardless of whether the end result is useful/novel or creative.
Constructs (Amabile and Pratt, 2016) introduce in the work/efforts model?
- Sense of progress
- Meaningfulness of work
- Affect (mood)
- Synergistic extrinsic motivation
What does the ‘Creative process engagement’ construct highlight?
It highlights the role of effort, by measuring the degree to which individuals engage in a variety of activities critical to creative work, such as problem identification, information searching, and idea generation
(Zhang and Bartol, 2010)
What are the negative individual effects on creativity?
- big 5 personality traits: N and E
- self-confidence
- organisation-based self-esteem (OBSE)
- conformity value
- strain and trust
- gender
What is rationality (typically)?
- structure a problem
- define alternative decisions
- specify a measure that reflects preferences (subjective utility)
- evaluate probability of each alt occurring
- compare alternatives
- logic and reasoning
- linear thinking
What is creativity (typically)?
- random ideas meet random problems
- mix of random associations
- insights, ‘aha’ moments
- focus on novelty (not utility)
- intuition (non-linear thinking)
What is ‘Creative Rationality’?
- need for continual revision and recreation of what is considered rational.
- promoting a more flexible and innovative approach to decision-making and problem-solving.
(Dewey, 1983)
What is the interdependence between rationality & creativity?
- Rationality in ambiguous contexts may extend to creative AND strategic bhvs
- importance of formal processes and structures in nurturing the cultivation of creative ideas
Explain the interdependence of rationality & creativity through the Double-Diamond framework
1) Exploration and divergent steps = creativity
- this refers to the problem space where we have problem articulation and selection
2) Selection and convergent steps = rationality
- concept generation, concept selection & development
