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Psychology A Level > CREAM PACK 1 - Issues for Psychology as a Science > Flashcards

CREAM PACK 1 - Issues for Psychology as a Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Why consider ethical issues in psychological research?

A

To safeguard the interests of the participants.
Ensure the professional reputation of psychology is high to attract research grants and participants.

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2
Q

State the aim of the Code.

A

‘Do unto others as you would be done by’.

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3
Q

State the four ethical principles the Structure of the Code is based on

A

Respect, Responsibility,Integrity and Competence

RRIC

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4
Q

Describe the ethical principle of respect

A

Respect for the dignity of all people regardless of social status, ethnicity, gender etc. All human beings are worthy of equal moral consideration.

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5
Q

Describe the ethical principle of competence

A

Psychologists are required to have specialist knowledge, training, skills and experience and have the ability to use these to a professional standard.

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6
Q

Describe the ethical principle of responsibility

A

Accept appropriate responsibility for what is within their power.

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7
Q

Describe the ethical principle of integrity

A

Act with honesty, accuracy and consistency

HAC

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8
Q

Confidentiality

A

Keep records and confidential info disclosed.

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9
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants are told nature, purpose and anticipated consequence of any research participation so that they may give informed consent.

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10
Q

General respect

A

Respect individual and cultural differences including age, disability, ethnicity, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation etc

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11
Q

Protection of participants

A

Avoid harming participants. ‘Do unto others as you would be done by’. Refrain from using financial compensation. Consider research from standpoint of research participants, eliminating potential risks to psychological wellbeing, physical health and personal values.

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12
Q

Deception

A

Withholding information from or intentionally misleading a participant in an experiment.

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13
Q

Competence

A

Have comprehensive awareness of professional ethics

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14
Q

Giving advice

A

Exercise caution when advising and offer to make referral for assistance.

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15
Q

Colleague’s research

A

Challenge colleagues who appear to have engaged in ethical misconduct.

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16
Q

Debriefing

A

Debrief participants at conclusion of participation to inform them, of outcomes + nature of research. Participants should leave the situation in state in which they entered.

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17
Q

Right to withdraw

A

Ensure participants are aware of right to withdraw from research participation at any time

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18
Q

Observations

A

Restrict research based upon observations of public behaviour to situations in which studied people would reasonably expect to be observed.

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19
Q

At least 2 advantages of ethical guidelines

A

Society’s moral standards are maintained.
Ethical guidelines make research safe.
Keeps reputation of psychology professional.
Research can be replicated therefore enhancing reliability

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20
Q

2 disadvantages of ethical guidelines

A

Ethical restrictions stop further progression.
Difficult to study extreme behaviours or controversial topic areas - credibility may be lowered as it lacks ecological validity.

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21
Q

3 reasons for using animals in psychological research

A

Experiments deemed unethical for human testing but important enough to be justified for animal testing.
Similarities to humans - results being generalised to humans.
Animals are ‘good participants’; they are more controllable and do not try to understand the purpose of the experiment therefore being highly reliable due to easier replication thanks to standardisation.
Faster breeding cycles allow possibility for nature-nurture research.
Contribute to learning theories.

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22
Q

State the guidelines for psychologists working with animals

A

Legislation
Replacing the use of Animals
Choice of species
Number of Animals
Procedures
Procurement of Animals
Animal care
Disposing of Animals

RANP CD PL

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23
Q

Describe the legislation guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Familiarise themselves with the laws regarding animal welfare. Researcher is required to acquire Home Office Licences to conduct animal research.

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24
Q

Describe the ‘replacing the use of animals’ guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Seek alternatives to using a live organism in research

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25
Q

Describe the ‘choice of species’ guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Choose a species that is scientifically and ethically suitable for the intended use. Knowledge of that species’ natural history required

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26
Q

Describe the ‘number of animals’ guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Use the smallest number of animals sufficient to accomplish the research goal

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27
Q

Describe the procedures guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Ensure that any harmful and distressing procedure involving a protected animal is avoided, including death, injury etc. Permission to perform such procedures requires a Project License.

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28
Q

Describe the ‘procurement of animals’ guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Common lab species must come only from Home Office. Other species should come only from high-quality suppliers.

29
Q

Describe the animal care guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Ensure conditions under which animals are kept when not being studied meet high standards.

30
Q

Describe the ‘disposing of animals’ guideline for psychologists working with animals

A

Reuse of used research animals requires Home Office approval and if involving death should be as humanely and painlessly as possible.

31
Q

3 R’S on the use of animals in research.

A

Replacement, reduction and refinement.

32
Q

Describe the replacement guideline.

A

Animals are replaced with non-animal alternative when possible.

33
Q

Describe the reduction guideline

A

Number of animals reduced to minimum needed to achieve results sought

34
Q

Describe the refinement guideline

A

Procedures are refined as much as possible to minimise suffering.

35
Q

3 required licences before animal testing

A

Personal, project, establishment

36
Q

Describe what the personal license is for

A

For the person carrying out the procedure

37
Q

Describe what the project license is for

A

For the particular programme of research

38
Q

Describe what the establishment license is for

A

For the place at which the work is carried out

39
Q

At least 2 advantages of using ethical guidelines in psychological research with animals

A

Adhering to society’s moral standards = maintaining good reputation of Psychology.
Protect animals that are unable to defend themselves.
Benefiting humans without high cost for animals.

40
Q

At least 2 disadvantages of using ethical guidelines in psychological research with animals

A

Cannot use endangered species so research is limited.
Smallest possible number of animals allowed - generalisability + reliability questioned.
Home Office Licenses expensive + difficult to obtain, limiting research opportunities.

41
Q

Define risk management in psychological research.

A

Forecasting and evaluation of ethical risks together with the identification of procedures to avoid/minimize impact

42
Q

Ethical dilemma definition

A

A situation in which two moral principles conflict with one another

43
Q

Reliability

A

If a research finding is produced consistently.

44
Q

Standardised procedures

A

A set of events that occur in the same way every time data is collected for a study.

45
Q

Inter-observer reliability

A

Extent to which different observers produce same records when they observe the same sequence of behaviour

46
Q

Test re-test method - what is it and what does a high correlation result mean

A

A group of participants completing a test twice at different times - first and second scores correlated. High positive correlation means the test produces reliable outcomes.

47
Q

Split- half method - what is it and what does a high correlation result mean

A

Measures the extent to which the different items on the test are measured consistently. Participants take the test once. Scores on half of the test compared with scores on other half of test. High correlation = test items equivalent + consistent

48
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a study has measured what it claims to measure. Concerned with accuracy of measurement (operationalism)

49
Q

What does it mean to operationalize a variable?

A

To define in precise terms how we will measure/manipulate it.

50
Q

What is a hypothetical construct and give an example

A

A cognitive process like memory and emotions. Psychologists make inferences/assumptions about them on the basis of the behaviour they can directly observe.

51
Q

Objectivity

A

Carrying out an investigation and collecting data without allowing personal bias to influence the process.

52
Q

Subjectivity

A

Allowing personal opinions to influence the way the data is collected and how it is interpreted.

53
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Assessing validity by comparing results with another already established measure of the same behaviour. If outcome agrees they have concurrent validity.

54
Q

Predictive validity

A

How well a test/measure predicts future behaviours

55
Q

Ecological validity

A

Extent to which research in one environment/situation can be generalised

56
Q

At least 2 factors influencing how generalisable a research finding is

A
  • Population - will depend on how representative of that target population the sample is
  • Age - developmental differences
  • Animals to humans
  • Other cultures
57
Q

Ethnocentric bias

A

Tendency to interpret human behaviour from the viewpoint of our own ethnic/social group etc

58
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data in the form of numbers and quantifies behaviour being studied eg how much, how long…

59
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data in the form of words. Says what people think/feel based on what they say/write

60
Q

3 Quantitative data advantages

A
  • Allows more objectivity, making data more accurate so validity is increased
  • Easy to analyse, allowing objective comparisons between groups
  • More reliable as data is easier to replicate
61
Q

Quantitative data disadvantages

A
  • Lacks richness + detail, decreasing validity
  • Does not give full picture therefore lacking in validity
  • Reduces + oversimplifies complex behaviour to a set of numbers (reductionism). Reduces validity as it does not provide an accurate reflection
62
Q

2 Qualitative data advantages

A
  • Rich and detailed info representing true complexities of human behaviour, increasing validity
  • Gives info about meanings of behaviour, increasing validity
63
Q

Qualitative data disadvantages

A
  • Difficult to analyse therefore difficult to identify trends + themes
  • Analysis of data can be open to interpretation so more subjective, decreasing validity
64
Q

Primary data

A

Data gathered by researchers themselves using research methods such as questionnaires etc

65
Q

Secondary data

A

Data gathered from already existing sources eg diary

66
Q

What is the advantage of primary sources of data?

A

The researcher is in control of the quality of the research

67
Q

Arguments supporting psychology as a science

A
  • Uses scientific research methods: manipulation of IV and precise measurement of DV, use of controls = establish credible cause and effect links.
  • Much research is replicable and reliable due to use of standardisation. Easy replication = high reliability
  • Theories generate hypotheses which can be tested in an empirical fashion
68
Q

Arguments against idea that psychology is a science

A
  • Not empirical, not directly observable therefore cannot be accurately measured. Psychologists are only ‘inferring’ rather than collecting directly observable data
  • Research methods not considered scientific eg qualitative data such as interviews
  • Can often lack reliability as studies can be restricted to specific times and places
  • Behaviour changes over time and over different situations + cultures making research findings reliable for a limited time
  • Experimenter effects + demand characteristics reduce validity

Psychology A Level (4 decks)

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