Crash course to Historical Geology Flashcards
Age of Hadean
4000 Ma - 4567 Ma
- Acasta Gneiss
- Zircon
- End of Bombardment
- Formation of the Moon
Hadean Eon
Age of Archean
2500 - 4000 Ma
Eons under Precambrian
Archean and Proterozoic
- RNA and DNA-based life and Cells
- Stromatolites
- Stabilization of modern day cratons - GS Belts
- First stromatolites
Archean eon
Eras under Proterozoic eon
Paleo - proterozoic
Meso - proterozoic
Neo - proterozoic
Age of Proterozoic
635 - 2500 Ma
Period of first mass extinction
Ediacaran
- Great oxygenation
- Bushveld complex
- Huronian Glaciation (first ice age)
paleo-proterozoic era
- Rodinia starts to form
Meso-proterozoic era
- Final form and break up of rodinia
- Cryogenian ice age
- Brief formation of Pannotia (Ediacaran)
- Split off to Laurentia, Siberia, Baltica, and Gondwana
- Formation of ozone layer
- Ediacaran Biota
Neo - proterozoic
Age of Cambrian
485.4 - 538.8 Ma
- First modern animal phyla
- First vertebrates e.g. - jawless fish or agnathans
Cambrian Period
Anthrophods, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms, hemichordates, brachiopods, bryozoans, graptolites, protist
Cambrian explosion
Age of Ordovician
443.8 - 485.4 Ma
- Appearance of Jawed Fish
- Appearance of ostracoderm (armored jawless fish)
- Terrestrial plants
- Fungi
Ordivician Period
Age of Silurian
419.2 - 443.8 Ma
-Start of collision of laurentia and baltica
- Caledonian orogeny - hills and mountains of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Scandinavia
Silurian Period
Age of Devonian
358.9 - 419.2 Ma
- Greatest diversification of fish - placoderms, lobe-finned, ray finned bony fish, early cartilaginous fish, and appearance of stegocephali.
- Begining of Acadian and Taconian orogenies.
- First lycopods, ferns, seed plants, trees, and winged insects.
Devonian Period
Two sub-periods under Carboniferous
Mississippian and Pennsylvanian
Age of Mississippian
323.2 - 358.9 Ma
Age of Pennsylvanian
298.9 - 323.2 Ma
Age of Carboniferous
298.9 - 358.9 Ma
- First gymnosperm
- Amphibians
- Amphibious snails
Mississippian
- First and diversification of amniotes
- Appearance of reptiles
- Large coal deposits
- Appearance of sharks
Pennsylvanian
Age of Permian
251.902 - 298.9 Ma
- Formation of Pangaea along with Ural, Ouachitas, Appalachian Mountains
- Synapsids become widespread
- Series of mass extinction e.g. (P-T extinction)
- Widespread flood basalts e.g. (Siberian traps and other Large Igneous Provinces)
- Appearance of Cynodonts
Permian Period
P-T extinction cause _______ to ________.
death to trilobites
Periods under the Paleozoic Era.
Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian
Three periods under Mesozoic era.
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous period
Age of Paleozoic Era
251.902 - 538.8 Ma
Age of Mesozoic Era
66 - 251.902 Ma
Age of Triassic Period
201.4 - 251.902 Ma
Age of Jurassic
145.0 - 201.4 Ma
- Appearance of Archosaurs (non-avian dinosaurs and birds) and marine dinosaurs
- Size reduction for cynodonts
- Modern corals
- First diatoms
-Andean and Cimmerian orogeny
- FIRST MAMMALS!
Triassic
- Formation of Tethys oceans
- Common dinosaurs
- Start of breaking of Pangea to Laurasia and Gondwana forming the arctic and pacific ocean
- First BIRDS, snake, lizards, turtles, brown algae, rays, shrimps, crabs, lobster
Jurassic Period
Age of Cretaceous
66 - 145 Ma
- Appearance of flowering plants
- Appearance of tyrannosaurus rex (first and last)
- Appearance of crocodilians, modern sharks, and toothless birds
- Non-mammalian cynodonts die out
- Break up of Gondwana
- Philippine Ophiolites form
- Extinction of dinosaurs
Cretaceous
Cause the disappearance of the last of the great dinosaurs.
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (K-T event)
Epochs under Paleogene period
Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene
- Starts after the K-Pg and chicxulub crater
- Appearance of larger birds, proboscideans (elephant), and rodents
- Start of Alpine orogeny
- Closing of paleotethys
- Isolation/ closing of Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, and Aral Seas
Paleocene epoch
- Start of Himalayan and Hellenic orogeny
- Closing of Tethys
- Opening of the Indian Ocean
- Separation of Eurasia and N. America
- Warming on the first half (early), cooling on the second half (late)
- Appearance of bears, whales, sea cows, ruminants, pangolins, bats, and true primates
Eocene epoch
- Start of Antarctic Glaciation
- First macropods (e.g. kangaroos and quokkas) and seals
Oligocene epoch
Age of Miocene epoch
5.333 - 23.03 Ma
Age of Pliocene
2.58 - 5.333 Ma
Age of Pleistocene
0.0117 - 2.58 Ma
Age of Holocene
Present - 0.0117 Ma
Period under cenozoic era
Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary
Epochs under Neogene Period
Miocene and Pliocene
Epochs under the Quaternary Period
Pleistocene and Holocene
- Afro-Arabia plate collides with Eurasia to complete the Alpide-Himalayan Orogenic belt
- Early primates appear
- Separation of human and chimpanzee
- Warm climate then Ice age towards the end of epoch
Miocene
- Australopithecus dominates east africa
-Stone age begins
- Greenland ice sheet start to develop
- Present day CO2 and O2 levels
Pliocene
- Last glacial maxima
- Humans expands to asia, americas, and oceania
- Homo Habilis - Early Pleistocene
- Homo Sapiens - Middle Pleistocene
- Homo Erectus - Afro Eurasia
Pleistocene
Early - agriculture was invented and Sahara is wet
Middle - high sea levels, end of stone age, sahara desert
Holocene
