Cranium/facial Flashcards
Which of the following bones is not part of the floor of the cranium
Occipital
Which aspect of the frontal bone is thin-walled and forms the forehead
Squamous
Which four cranial bones articulate with the frontal bone
R parietal, L parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid
Which structures are found at the widest aspect of the skull
Parietal tubercles/ eminences
What is the name of a prominent landmark (or bump) found on the external surface of the occipital bone
“Inion” external occipital protuberance
What is the thickest and densest structure in the cranium
(Pyramids) petrous portion
T/F The hypophysis cerebri is another term for the pituitary gland
True
T/F The sphenoid bone articulates with all the other cranial bones
True
The shallow depression just posterior to the base of the dorsum sellae and anterior to the foremen magnum is the
Clivus
What is the name of the paired collections of the bone found inferior to the cribriform plate that contain numerous air cells and help form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Lateral labyrinth (masses)
Which small section of bone is located superior to the cribriform plate
Crista galli
What is the formal term for the left sphenoid fontanel in the adult
Left pterion
What is the name of the cranial suture formed by the inferior junction of the parietals to the temporal bones
Squamousal suture
What are the two terms for the small, irregular bones found in the adult skull sutures
Sutral /wormian bones
Which of the bones does not articulate with the frontal bone
Temporal
Which of the following landmarks corresponds to the highest level of the petrous ridge
TEA
The slight depression above each eyebrow is termed the
Supraorbital groove
What is the name of the joint found between the lateral condylar processes of the skull and the atlas of C1
Atlanto-occipital joint
How much difference in degrees is there between the OML and the IOML
7-8°
Which of the following positioning errors frequently results in a repeat exposure of a cranial position
Rotation
Which of the following middle ear structures is considered the most lateral
Malleus
Which of the following sutures separates the parietal from the occipital bone
Lambdoidal
Which cranial bone contains the cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Which cranial bone contains the foremen ovale
Sphenoid
Which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window
Stapes
A benign, cystic mass of the middle ear is a
Cholesteatoma
Which of the following imaging modalities provides an excellent distinction between normal and abnormal brain tissue
MRI
Which of the following imaging modalities may be used to examine a possible cranial bleed caused by trauma
CT
A radiograph of a PA axial projection (Caldwell) of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are located at the level of the lower one third of the orbits. The technologist performed this projection with the CR angled 15° caudal to the OML. How must positioning be altered if a repeat exposure is performed
Positioning was correct
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the orbital roofs (plates) are not superimposed —one is slightly superior to the other. Which positioning errors led to this
Tilt
Which of the following technical considerations is most critical for demonstrating air/fluid levels within the cranium
Horizontal X-ray beam
A patient comes to radiology with a possible bone cyst within the squamous portion of the frontal bone. Which of the following projections would best demonstrate this region with a minimal amount of distortion of the frontal bone
PA with no CR angle to OML
Which positioning line should be perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection with a 37° caudad angle
IOML
A pt enters the ED with a possible basilar skull fx. Which of the following skull projections would best demonstrate any blood present in the sphenoid sinus
Horizontal beam lateral projection
A pt comes to radiology for a routine study of the cranium. He is unable to flex his head and neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial projection. What should the tech do to compensate for this problem without creating excessive magnification of the occipital bone
Use the IOML and increase the CR angle by 7°
T/F lesions of decreased density are termed osteoblastic lesions
False
Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the cranium
2” superior to EAM
Which cranial bone possesses the superior nasal conchae
Ethmoid
A pt comes to radiology with a clinical history of an acoustic neuroma. Which of the following imaging modalities will provide the best assessment for this tumor
MRI
A pt comes in with a clinical history of a possible pituitary adenoma. Because this is a rural hospital, CT and MRI are not available. Which projection of position would best demonstrate signs of bony erosion of the sella turcica because of the tumor
Lateral position
A pt comes to radiology with severe mastoiditis. Which modalities will best demonstrate possible bony destruction within the mastoid region
CT
Which of the following modalities best demonstrates early signs of Paget’s disease of the skull
Nuc med
Which of the following clinical indications may require a decrease in manual exposure factors
Multiple myeloma
The left mastoid fontanel becomes the __in an adult
Left asterion
Which of the following is not an aspect of the maxilla
Ramus
T/F All of the paranasal sinuses are contained within cranial bones except the maxillary sinuses
True
The CR is centered to exit at the level of the ___for a well positioned parietoacanthial projection
Acanthion
The CR is centered to exit at the level of the __ for a well positioned 15° PA axial projection of the facial bones
Nasion
Which of the following factors prevents superimposition of the ramus on the cervical spine for the axiolateral oblique mandible projection
Extend the chin
What type of CR angulation should be used for a PA axial projection of the mandible
20-25° cephalad
Which positioning line should be perpendicular to the image receptor for the parieto-orbital oblique (rhese) projections for optic foramina
AML
What is the largest immovable bone of the face
Maxilla
Which facial bone forms the majority of the hard palate
Maxilla
Which three cranial bones articulate directly with the zygomatic bone
Frontal, sphenoid, temporal
Which of the following structures are described as scroll-like projections found in the nasal cavity
Conchae
Which 2 bones form the bony nasal septum
Ethmoid and vomer
Which of the following terms describes the junction of the 2 nasal bones
Nasion
The upper and lower teeth are embedded in the
Alveolar processes
The point of union between both halves of the mandible is termed
Symphysis menti
What is the classification of the joint found between the teeth and maxilla
Fibrous
The posterior aspect of the orbit is termed the
Apex
How many facial bones help make up the bony orbit
4
What is the only paranasal sinus not contained within a cranial bone
Maxillary
Which sinus often produces an air/fluid level indicating a basilar skull fracture
Sphenoid
Where are the ethmoid sinuses located within the ethmoid bone
Lateral masses
T/F Infections involving the upper teeth may involve the frontal sinuses
False
The___sinuses develop last and are not fully developed until the teenage years
Ethmoid
Which bone is involved with a tripod fracture
Zygomatic
A fracture involving the facial bones where a blow to one side causes a fracture to the opposite side is termed a __fracture
Contrecoup
Where does the CR exit for a modified parietoacanthial (modified waters) projection of the facial bones
Acanthion
Which of the following imaging modalities should not be used to rule out a possible metal foreign body in the eye
MRI
Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones
Zygoma, midway between the EAM and the outer canthus
What is the angle between the OML and the plane of the IR for the parietoacanthial waters projection
37°
Which projection will best demonstrate the bony nasal septum
Parietoacanthial
What can the tech do if the pt cannot extend the head and neck adequately for the routine smv projection of the zygomatic arches
Perform the Haas method
How much difference is there between the OML and IOML positioning lines
7-8°
Which projection best demonstrates the floor of the orbits
Modified waters
What is the angle between the midsagittal plane and the IR for a parieto-orbital oblique projection of the optic foramen
53°
T/F The proper name for the parieto-orbital oblique projection is the Schuller method
False
What is the maximum CR angulation used for the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible
25°
How much skull rotation (from a lat position) is required to place the ramus parallel to the IR for the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible
None the skull should be kept in a lateral position
Where should the optic foramen be located with a well-positioned parieto-orbital oblique projection of the optic foramina
Outer lower quadrant of the orbit
Along with the use of erect positions, what other factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in paranasal sinuses
Horizontal X-ray beam
Which sinuses are best demonstrated with the PA projection
Frontal and ethmoid
Which plane or perspective is most often produced for a CT scan of the sinuses
Coronal
Which sinus is projected through the oral cavity with a parietoacanthial transoral projection
Sphenoid
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the facial bones reveals that the mandibular rami are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph
Rotation
The recommended digital systems kV range for the superioinferior tangential projection of the nasal bones is
60-70
A radiograph of a parietoacanthial waters projections reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this radiographic finding
Insufficient extension
A radiograph of a PA Caldwell projection reveals that the petrous ridges are projected into the lower one third of the maxillary sinuses. Which of the following modifications should be made during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image
Nothing, accept the initial radiograph
A pt enters the ED with a possible nasal bone fracture. The physician is concerned about a possible bony nasal septum deviation and fractured nasal bones. Which of the following routines would best diagnose these injuries
Parietoacanthial, lateral nasal bone, and superoinferior axial projections
A radiograph of a parietoacanthial transoral (open mouth waters) projection reveals that the mouth is open but the sphenoid sinus is superimposed over the maxilla and upper teeth. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome
Insufficient extension of the head and neck
A pt comes to radiology for a sinus series on a cart. She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinuses
Horizontal X-ray beam
The pathway of communication between the frontal, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses that provides drainage between them is termed
Osteomeatal complex
Which of the following structures passes through the superior orbital fissure
Cranial nerves III to VI
A pediatric pt enters radiology for a paranasal sinus series. Because of her age, the child is unable to hold still for the projections even with the use of immobilization devices. The decision is to hold the child during each exposure. Which of the following individuals should be asked to hold the child
Guardian
