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SPA Exams > Craniofacial Midterm > Flashcards

Craniofacial Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Levator Palatine and Uvulus in Velar closure

A

Which muscles lift the velum during swallowing and non-nasal articulation

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2
Q

Levator and uvulus location

A

Uvulus is medial to levator muscles

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3
Q

Nasal septum composition

A 
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid bone
Quadrangular septal cartilage
Vomer
Anterior nasal spine
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4
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Directly behind coronal suture, down the midline. Looks like an arrow.

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5
Q

Coronal suture

A

Fuses frontal bone, side to side on anterior aspect of skull

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6
Q

Labdoidal suture

A

Fuses occipital bone to parietal bones, laterally in posterior aspect of skull

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7
Q

Squamosal suture

A

holds temporal bones to parietal bones and occipital bones

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8
Q

Metopic suture

A

Not usually visible, issue in newborns, medial line in frontal bone

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9
Q

Fontanelle

A

Anterior junction of coronal, Saggital and metopic sutures, hole in skull

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10
Q

Posterior structure

A

juction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

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11
Q

Columella

A

Separates nares

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12
Q

Vermillion

A

Colored part of lips

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13
Q

Philtrum

A

Channel between nose and lips

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14
Q

Bridge

A

nasal bone between eyes

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15
Q

ala

A

outer rim of nare.

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16
Q

Cupid’s bow

A

upper rim of upper lip

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17
Q

dorsum

A

upper ridge of nose, immediately inferior to bridge of nose

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18
Q

Philtral columns

A

ridges bordering philtrum

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19
Q

Maxilla

A 
Forms the upper jaw- in two parts during gestation, fuse to one bone at 12 weeks
5 Processes:
Zygomatic
Frontal
Alveolar
Palatine
Body
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20
Q

Nasal bone

A

Forms bridge of nose.

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21
Q

Sphenoid

A

Behind face, looks like a butterfly, boom of wings support soft palate

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22
Q

Palatine bone

A

L shaped bone on either side to form football goal
Attached to maxilla
Forms posterior 25% of hard palate
Comes to point to form posterior nasal spine (PNS)
Transverse suture joins palatine bone to maxilla

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23
Q

Vomer

A

Behind nose between eyes

Forms part of nasal septum

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24
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Formed in Ethmoid bone

covered in tissue that conditions air

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25
Q

PNS

A

Posterior Nasal Spine

Palatine bone

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26
Q

ANS

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

under columella in maxilla

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27
Q

Fusion

A

Tissues approach, regress and become one.
Cells multiply faster at the tips of structures and grow towards each other.
The places that touch, regress to more primitive states that allow cells to pass back and forth which causes fusion

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28
Q

Merging

A

Filling in without regression.
Sections of tissue begin to grow faster than others, form buds and grown into other structures (arms and legs)
Less complex than fusion

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29
Q

Facial structures of 6 week embryo

A

Eyes are at 160 degrees, palate just begins forming,
Stomodeum, primitive mouth
Branchial arches, nasal pits, frontonasal process, nasolateral process, nasomedial prominence, maxillary prominences

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30
Q

Primary palate formation

A

Begins formation at 6 weeks and finishes at 7 weeks

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31
Q

Secondary palate formation

A

Begins formation at 8 weeks, finishes at 10-12 weeks

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32
Q

C/C 1 stage and 2 stage closure of palate.

A

One stage done all at once between 10 and 24 months
Two stage: 1st stage is to close velum and leave hard palate open. 2 stage closes hard palate.
To avoid detrimental effects, 2nd stage needs to take place when 1 stage would have been completed.

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33
Q

LeFort I, II, III

A

I: Moves undersized maxilla forward.
II: Moves maxilla plus bridge of nose.
III: Moves maxilla, bridge of nose, orbits and cheekbones, rare

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34
Q

Language development and CLP

A

Incidence of language disorder is unknown but higher than general population.
No specific language disorder for children with CLP

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35
Q

Grading tonsils

A

1+ Normal
2+ tonsils are even will pillars
3+ tonsils protrude past pillars
4+ tonsils touch

36
Q

Waldeyers ring

A

Three sets of tonsils, lingual, palatine and pharyngeal

37
Q

Risk factors: hypernasality and adenoidectomy

A

After surgery is performed to remove adenoids the patient may experience hypernasality as well as nasal regurgitation due to lack of velar closure. May be temporary of permanent VPD

38
Q

Types of Malocclusion

A

Class I: normal with other dental anomalies
Class II: mandibular molar is even with or behind maxillary molar.
Class III: Mandibular molar is more than 1/2 tooth ahead of maxillary molar.
Normal: mandibular first molar is 1/2 tooth ahead of maxillary molar

39
Q

Effect of dentition on articulation

A

Obligatory errors: distortion caused by structural abnormality
Compensatory errors: distortion or substitution error due to a modification in placement of tongue or lip position to compensate for the structural abnormality.

40
Q

CLP and hearing acuity

A

High incidence of middle ear disease with CLP leads to increased HL
Incidence of CL is higher but improves with age.

41
Q

Indications for adenoidectomy

A

Sleep apnea
Chronic Otitis media
Chronic sinusitis

42
Q

Pierre Robin syndrome

A

Micrognathia: small jaw
Macroglossia: large tongue
Tongue does not move out of the way in utero, fetus may stay in flexion too long.
Airway management: glossopexy, NG tube, prone positioning
Associated syndromes: Stickler, VCF, FAS

43
Q

VCF

A 
Severe Hypernasality
Severe articulation disorders (glottal stops)
Mild language impairment
VP insufficiency
High pitched voice
Hoarseness
44
Q

Van der Woude

A

Paramedian pits/protuberances
Missing teeth (hypodentia) usually lateral incisors and molars
May have submucous cleft

45
Q

Stickler’s Syndrome

A 
Joints: hypermobile, arthritis
Eyes: Epicanthal folds, near sightedness, cataracts, glaucoma
Hears: SN HL
Midface hypoplasia
Vertebral anomalies
Speech and language
46
Q

Submucous cleft

A

Bifid uvula
Notching of palatine bone
Muscular diastasis (velum)
Zona Pellucida

47
Q

Repair of submucous cleft

A

When warranted by speech errors

48
Q

Effect of maxillary advancement on speech

A

Some studies show none.
Deterioration of VP function, hyper nasality, greater the advancement, greater the risk of hyper nasality, threshold is 10 mm. /s, f, p/ ‘sh’, ‘ch’ are most likely to change

49
Q

Endoscopy before adenoidectomy

A

Visualize adenoids, assess risk of VPD (cleft or family history of cleft, submucous cleft, history of motor delay, nasal regurgitation or feeding difficulty, moderate-severe phonological delay, marginal VP delay

50
Q

Passavant’s ridge

A

shelf which projects from posterior pharyngeal wall into pharynx during speech

51
Q

Nasal meatus

A

3 passages in the nasal cavity under the nasal concha

52
Q

Dysmorphology

A

The study of abnormal shape or form

53
Q

Endogenous

A

Factor from organism rather than environment, genetic makeup

54
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Blue area in medial aspect of velum, lack of musculature, velum is thin, almost transparent

55
Q

Rule of 10s

A

10 weeks of age
10 pounds
10 g of hemoglobin
to have cleft lip repair

56
Q

Cheiloplasty

A

Lip reconstruction to make larger of smaller, uses neighboring tissue

57
Q

Velar dimple

A

can be seen on oral side of velum during phonation or VP closure

58
Q

Diastasis

A

When 2 structures that are normally joined are separated

59
Q

Crossbite

A

Maxillary teeth are behind mandibulat teeth, can be anterior or lateral

60
Q

Microtia

A

Small ear

61
Q

palpebral fissures

A

opening between eyes

62
Q

Hypertrophy

A

overgrowth of muscle

63
Q

Variable expression

A

The variability in the expression. Disorder is very noticeable in one person and not in another

64
Q

FISH

A

Flourescence In Situ Hybridization

65
Q

Gene

A

unit of heredity

66
Q

Phenotype

A

Manifestations of a genotype

67
Q

Macrotia

A

Large ears

68
Q

Corticostomy/osteotomy

A

Partial cut in bone to improve functionality

69
Q

karyotype

A

quick chromosome analysis

Analyzes white blood cells

70
Q

Velar knee

A

Hump on velum on nasal side

71
Q

Kernahan’s Y

A 
1, 4 lip
2, 5 alveolus
3, 6 alveolus to incicive foramen
7, 8 hard palate
9 soft palate
72
Q

Hemifacial microsomia

A

One side of face is extremely small due to shortened facial bones

73
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

Brith defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby’s head to close earlier than normal

74
Q

edentulous

A

no teeth

75
Q

open bite

A

upper and lower teeth are protruding, bite doesn’t close in front, thumb sucking or tongue thrust

76
Q

Diastema

A

gap in teeth

77
Q

over/underjet

A

Front teeth stick out at an angle

78
Q

V-Y procedure

A

may lengthen columella if its wide enough and there’s enough upper lip

79
Q

hypertolerism

A

narrow spaced eyes

80
Q

Millard

A

Rotation advancement technique
More flexible, need more expertise
Pro: camouflages scar on philtral column,
Cons: vertical scar with notching of the vermillion, lower of alar base

81
Q

z-plasty

A

Close velum and hard palate or just soft palate

82
Q

Prolabium

A

Tissue of central upper lip that is isolated when there is a bilateral cleft

83
Q

Hypertolerism

A

widely spaced eyes

84
Q

Dehiscence

A

breakdown of surgical repair

85
Q

Hypoplastic

A

Abnormality in dental enamel characterized by pits, fissures, and discoloration.

86
Q

Syndrome

A

Pattern of multiple anomalies that occur together and are pathogenically related.

SPA Exams (10 decks)

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