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Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cranial nerves?

A

a set of 12 paired nerves arise directly from the brain

identified by roman numeral (I-XII)

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2
Q

where do the cranial nerves arise from?

A

first two ( olfactory and optic) arise from cerebrum, remaining 10 arise the brain stem.

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3
Q

can each cranial nerve be described sensory, motor or both?

A

yes

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4
Q

some nerves transmit a type of sensory information related to the special senses of taste, sight, sound and balance called what?

A

special sensory

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5
Q

what nerves transmit parasympathetic information, a component of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

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6
Q

each cranial nerve leaves the brain and exits the cranial cavity through what?

A

a discrete foramen, fissure or canal, in some cases an opening will transmit more than one cranial nerve.

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7
Q

trigeminal nerve has three divisions, what are they?

A

Opthalmic (V1 )exits cranial cavity via superior orbital fissure, Maxillary (V2) exits the cranial cavity via the foramen rotundum, Mandibular divisions (V3) exits the cranial cavity via the foramen ovale

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8
Q

what are the two major SENSORY branches of the Opthalmic division (V1) of trigeminal nerve

A

Frontal nerve - runs in the superior aspect of the orbit and give off a branch to the lacrimal gland (Lacrimal nerve).

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9
Q

the frontal nerve exits the orbit and becomes what?

A

supraorbital nerve to provide sensation to a part of the face. Other smaller branches provide sensory innervation of the cornea and conjuntiva of the eye

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10
Q

what are the two sensory branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Infraorbital nerve that runs in the inferior aspect of the orbit and passes through the infraorbital foramen to provide sensory innervation to a part of the face, another branch- Superior Alveolar Nerve provides sensation to the upper teeth as well as some of the sinuses in the head and the nasal mucosa.

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11
Q

where does the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve exit and what does it give rise to?

A

exits the cranial cavity via the foramen ovale and gives rise to four major sensory branches.

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12
Q

what are four sensory branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve?

A

buccal nerve, ariculotemporal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve ( exits mandible via mental foramen to become the mental nerve)

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13
Q

what does the buccal nerve do?

A

carries sensory information from the inside of the mouth and cheek

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14
Q

what does the ariculotemporal nerve do?

A

carries sensory information from the skin around the external ear, and also carries the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the parotid gland.

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15
Q

what does the lingual nerve do?

A

carries sensory innervation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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16
Q

what does the inferior alveolar nerve do and where does it run?

A

runs within the mandible and carries sensory innervation from the lower teeth, exits mandible via the mental foreamen to become the mental nerve

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17
Q

what does the mental nerve do?

A

carries sensation from a region of the lower lip and face

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18
Q

branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve also supply motor innervation to what?

A

muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid)

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19
Q

describe course of the facial nerve

A

facial nerve exits the cranial cavity via the internal acoustic meatus and descends through the facial canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone to exit the skull via the stylomastoid foramen at the base of the skull

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20
Q

motor functions of facial nerve

A

as the nerve passes through the facial canal in temporal bone, it give off a small motor branch to the stapedius muscle within the inner ear.

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21
Q

what does the stapedius muscle of inner ear do?

A

dampens sound received by the tympanic membrane

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22
Q

after supplying the stapedius muscle where do the branches of facial nerve go?

A

exit the stylomastoid foramen and run posterior to the parotid gland where the nerve splits into 5 branches names for regions that they run to the face

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23
Q

what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve (posterior to the parotid gland) and what do they supply?

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical). supply muscles of the face involved in FACIAL EXPRESSION

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24
Q

Which is the special sensory function of the facial nerve?

A

the chorda tympani nerve-provides sense of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue.

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25
Q

where are the cell bodies for the chorda tympani nerve (branch of facial nerve) located

A

within the fascial ganglion, the axons of this nerve eventually join the lingual branch of V3 to reach the tongue.

26
Q

the parasympathetic innervation of the head and neck is provided by what nerves?

A

III, VII, and IX

27
Q

preganglionic fibers of heada and neck synapse where and what are the names?

A

peripheral ganglia within the head (ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular and otic) that give rise to the postganglionic fibers to target organs(glands and smooth muscle)

28
Q

where are the sympathetics to the head and neck derived from?

A

from the upper thoracic spinal cord levels (T1-T2), ascend via the sympathetic trunk and synapse in the superior and cervical ganglion

29
Q

autonomic functions of the cranial nerve VII involve what?

A

parsympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

30
Q

what nerve branch does the facial nerve give off within the proximal portion of the facial canal?

A

greater petrosal nerve

31
Q

what does the great petrosal nerve do?

A

carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion.

32
Q

what do the postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion do? ( from greater petrosal nerve- from facial nerve)

A

join the lacrimal nerve ( a branch of V1) to innervate the lacrimal gland to cause TEARING.

33
Q

What carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular region?

A

the chorda tympani branch of the fascial nerve ( that runs with the lingual nerve for a time)

34
Q

where do the postganglionic fibers of the chorda typani branch of the facial nerve go after they exit the ganglion

A

they pass directly to the submandibular and sublingual glands to stimulate salivation

35
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve and what other nerves have autonomic functions in the head?

A

oculomotor and facial nerves

36
Q

where do the preganglionic parasympatheric fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse

A

in the otic ganglion behind the mandible, then postganglionic fibers join the auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of V3) for a time to travel to the parotid salivary gland.

37
Q

cranial nerve I

A

OLFACTORY- special sense of smell

38
Q

cranial nerve II

A

OPTIC- special sense of vision

39
Q

cranial nerve III

A

OCULOMOTOR- motor to most extraocular muscles of the eye and parasympathetic to the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles of the eye

40
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

TROCHLEAR- motor to superior oblique muscle of the eye

41
Q

cranial nerve V

A

TRIGEMINAL (V1)-opthalmic division,-sensory to scalp, forehead, nose, cornea and conjunctiva of eye (V2)maxillary division- sensory to cheeks, lower eye lid, nasal mucosa, upper lip, upper teeth and palate, (V3) mandibular division- sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue, chin and lower teeth. motor to muscles of mastication ( chewing)

42
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

ABDUCENS- motor to lateral rectus muscle of the eye

43
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

FACIAL - special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic to lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

44
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR- special sense of hearing and balance

45
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL- sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue, palate and oropharynx ( afferent limb of gag reflex) motor to pharynx ( swallowing) special sense of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue Parasympathetic to the parotid salivary gland

46
Q

cranial nerve X

A

VAGUS- sensory to external ear, larynx, and esophagus Motor to the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, palate and esophagus ( speech and swallowing, efferent limb of gag reflex) Parasympathertic to thoracid and abdominal organs

47
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

SPINAL ACCESSORY- motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

48
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

HYPOGLOSSAL- motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

49
Q

What nerve innervates SENSORY for inferior 1/3 of tongue?

A

glossopharangeal

50
Q

what nerve innervates SPECIAL TASTE for inferior 1/3 of tongue?

A

glossopharangeal

51
Q

What nerve innervates SPECIAL TASTE for superior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

fascial

52
Q

What nerve innervates SENSORY for superior 2/3 of the tongue.

A

Trigeminal-branch V3 (mandibular)

53
Q

Loss of somatic sensation over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue indicates damage to which of the following nerves?

A

lingual branch of the mandibular trigeminal nerve

54
Q

How does the middle meningal artery leave the skull?

A

Via the foramen spinosum.

55
Q

A 66-year-old woman recovering from surgery to remove a tumor from her parotid gland noticed that she could not forcefully close her right eye. Which of the following nerves was most likely damaged during the surgery leading to her problem?

A

Zygomatic VII

56
Q

What does the greater petrosal nerve do?

A

It provides preganaglionic parasympathetic input for innervation of the lacrimal

57
Q

What do the temporal branches of the facial nerve innervate?

A

The frontalis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercili

58
Q

What do the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve innervate?

A

Innervate the orbicularis oculi

59
Q

What do the buccal branches of the fascial nerve innervate?

A

orbicularis oris, buccinator and zygomaticus

60
Q

What do the marginal mandibular branches of the fascial nerve innervate?

A

The mentalis

61
Q

What does the cervical branch of the facial nerve innervate?

A

Platysma.

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