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cranial facial embryology Flashcards

1
Q

the head and neck develop during which weeks from what embyronic structure?

A

weeks 4-8 from embryonic structure called the pharyngeal or branchial apparatus.

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2
Q

the word branchial (relating to gills, branchia) also forms the gills in fish, in humans we use pharyngeal as the pharynx is what end of the foregut?

A

cranial end of the foregut

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3
Q

pharyngeal apparatus, three components?

A

arches, clefts, and pouches.

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4
Q

how many pharyngeal arches form starting at what day?

A

5 pairs of pharyngeal arches, days twenty-two

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5
Q

the pharyngeal pouches are separated externally by grooves called what and internally by what?

A

externally -grooves called pharyngeal clefts ( ectoderm) and internally by pharyngeal pouches ( endoderm)

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6
Q

how are the pharyngeal arches numbered and which does not develop in humans?

A

1,2,3,4, and 6( fifth arch does not develop in humans)

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7
Q

how are the pouches and clefts numbered?

A

1,2,3, and 4

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8
Q

each pharyngeal arch has and outer covering of what, inner lining of what , and a core of what?

A

outer covering -ectoderm, inner lining - endoderm, and core - mesenchyme (loose connective tissue) -derived from MESODERM AND NEURAL CREST

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9
Q

What do the skeletal muscles and an artery in pharyngeal arch develop from?

A

from the mesoderm

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10
Q

first pharyngeal arch has two components what are they?

A

1)Maxillary Process - develops into maxilla and zygomatic bones and 2) Mandibular Process - develops into the mandible and embryonic structure called Meckel’s cartilage that forms the incus and malleus of the middle ea.

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11
Q

which skeletal muscles are derived from the first arch?

A

muscles of mastication ( temporalis, masseter, and pterygoids), anterior digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani ( of the ear) and the anterior 2/3 f the tongue. and tensor veli palatine

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12
Q

the cranial nerve associated with the first pharyngeal arch is which?

A

CN V (specifically mandibular and maxillary divisions, )-which provide sensory innervation to face and motor to the muscles of mastication.

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13
Q

the first pharyngeal arch give rise to which artery?

A

a portion of the maxillary artery.

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14
Q

what is the second pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

Reichart’s cartilage

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15
Q

what does the Reichart’s cartilage from the second pharyngeal arch form?

A

the stapes bone of the middle ear, the styloid process of the temperal bone, and the lesser cornu(hom) and upper part of the hyoid bone

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16
Q

which muscles derive from the 2nd arch? and what are they innervated by?

A

muscles of facial expression, stapedius, sylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Innervated by facial nerve CN VII.

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17
Q

what is the nerve of the second arch?

A

CN VII

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18
Q

artery of second pharyngeal arch forms embryonic arteries called what?

A

stapedial and hyoid arteries.

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19
Q

what does the hyoid artery from second phayngeal arch develop into?

A

a small branch of the internal carotid.

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20
Q

what does the third pharyngeal arch form?

A

the greater cornu and lower body of the hyoid bone and the stylopharyngeus muscle, and the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) innervates this muscle

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21
Q

what nerve innervates the sylopharyngeus muscles ( from 3rd pharyngeal arch?)

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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22
Q

what does the 3rd pharyngeal arch artery develop into?

A

common carotid arteries and the proximal part of the internal carotid artery on each side.

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23
Q

fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches are considered together and they share which nerve?

A

vagus (X)

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24
Q

the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus (X) supplies which arch derivitives?

A

4th arch derivatives

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25
Q

what nerve supplies the 6th arch derivatives?

A

recurrent laryngeal (branch of vagus -CNX)

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26
Q

the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches fuse to form what?

A

the laryngeal cartilages; (thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, comiculate and cuneiform cartilages, as well as the laryngeal muscles. and the striated muscles of the esophagus

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27
Q

what does the 4th arch form?

A

cricothyroid, levator palatini and the pharyngeal constrictors.

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28
Q

what does the 6th arch form?

A

the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid)

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29
Q

what arteries do the 4th arch form?

A

arch of the aorta on the left and the proximal part of the right subclavian on the right.

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30
Q

what vessels does the 6th arch form?

A

(pulmonary arch) forms the proximal part of the left pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus, and the proximal right pulmonary artery on the right.

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31
Q

1st arch derivatives nerve/structure

A

nerve -CN V (trigeminal) - structure - maxilla/mandible

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32
Q

2nd arch derivatives nerve/structure

A

nerve -CN VII ( facial)- structure - Hyoid

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33
Q

3rd arch derivatives nerve/structure

A

nerve -CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - structure - Hyoid

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34
Q

4th and 6th arch derivatives nerve/structure

A

nerve - CN X (vagus) - structure - larynx

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35
Q

3rd arch artery

A

common carotid and proximal internal carotid arteries

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36
Q

4th arch artery

A

right subclavian and aortic arch

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37
Q

6th arch artery

A

pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus

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38
Q

what skeletal structure are derived from the first (mandibular) arch

A

malleus, incus

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39
Q

what ligaments are derived from the first (mandibular arch?)

A

anterior ligament of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament

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40
Q

what skeletal structures are derived from second (hyoid) arch

A

stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid bone

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41
Q

what ligements are dervied from the second (hyoid) arch?

A

stylohyoid ligament

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42
Q

the 1st pharyngeal cleft develops into what?

A

external auditory meatus and the external part of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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43
Q

the 2nd pouch develops into what?

A

palatine tonsil

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44
Q

3rd pouch develops into what?

A

inferior parathyroid glands and thymus

45
Q

4th pouch develops into what?

A

superior parathyroid and ultimobranchial body which gives rise to the parafollicular cells ( C cells) of the THYROID

46
Q

The second pharyngeal arch grows over and fuses with the third and four pharyngeal arches, leaving a temporary structure called what? and which was which clefts? ( if the arches do not fuse completely, what happens?

A 
cervial sinus ( which was 2nd - 4th pharyngeal clefts)
if they dont fuse completely the cervical sinus can persist as an abnormal opening on the neck ( a CERVICAL OR BRANCHIAL FISTULA), OR develops into a CERVICAL CYST OR BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST that presents as a neck mass. ( always lateral, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, below the angle of the mandible, immobile and may occure on one or both sides.
47
Q

Where does the tongue mucosa develop from?

A

The floor endoderm lining the pharyngeal arches.

48
Q

What is the innervation of the tongue?

A

It correlates with its developmental origin. The first and second pharyngeal pouches form the anterior two-third, with arch 1 covering arch 2. Thus, sensation is via CN V3 and taste is via CNVII (facial). The third and fourth pouches form the mucosa of the posterior one-third; with taste and sensation mainly via CN 9 (glossopharyngeal), and the very posterior CN X (vagus)

49
Q

Where does the thyroid gland develop from?

A

The midline endoderm of the floor of the pharynx, between and grows inferiorly into the NECK.

50
Q

What connect the thyroid to the pharynx?

A

The thyroglossal duct, it eventually breaks down

51
Q

What is the foramen cecum?

A

formere site of the thyroglossal duct in the adult. Remnants of the thyroglossal duct persist as the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid or a fibrous strand of tissue.

52
Q

What do remnants of the thyroglossal duct persist as?

A

the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid or a fibrous strand of tissue.

53
Q

Where can midline thyroid tissue or thyroglossal cyst be found?

A

anywhere along the path of thyroid descent.

54
Q

What do thyroglossad duct cysts present as?

A

Midline neck mass, usually painless, and mobile

55
Q

Where is the most place to find ectopic thyroid tissue

A

A mass at the base of the tongue

56
Q

What happens as the thyroid gland descends?

A

The superior and inferior parathyroid glands and parafollicular cells embed themselves in its posterior surface.

57
Q

Where does the face develop from?

A

The frontonasal prominence and the first pharyngeal arch, which is composed of a maxillary and a mandibullar prominences. Prominences are also called processes.

58
Q

Two depressions form on the frontonasal process that form nasal pits and create what?

A

ridges of tissue called the medial and lateral nasal processes.

59
Q

What do the maxillary processes cause

A

They grow and cause the medial nasal processes to fuse in the midline forming the intermaxillary process.

60
Q

What does the intermaxillary process become?

A

The bridge of the nose and the philtrum of the upper lip.

61
Q

What do the maxillary and medial nasal processes fuse to form?

A

The rest of the upper lip and the primary palate.

62
Q

The maxillary and lateral nasal process fuse to form what?

A

The cheeks and the alae (wings) of the nose.

63
Q

When do the lower lip and jaw form from?

A

when the mandibular processes fuse in the midline.

64
Q

What does the secondary palate form from?

A

fusion between two ridges of tissue (palatal shelves) growing from the oral surfaces of the maxillary processes (inside the mouth).

65
Q

What does the incisive foramen mark?

A

The junction between the primary and secondary palate (vessels and nerves pass through it).

66
Q

What does each fusion creating the face and the primary and secondary palates the site of?

A

a potential facial or palatal cleft.

67
Q

What does a cleft lip result from?

A

Incomplete or lack of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal process. It can be unilateral or bilateral. Cleft palate results when the palatal shelves fuse incompletely or not at all. It can be isolated or occur together.

68
Q

Where does the eye derive from?

A

the neuroectoderm (optic cup) and the ectoderm (the lens)

69
Q

How do the optic vesicles develop as?

A

Lateral outpocketings of the neural tube, deep to the surface of the ectoderm.

70
Q

The optic vesicle invaginates the optic cup which causes what

A

the overlying ectoderm to form the lens placode (a placode is a thickening of ectoderm).

71
Q

What does the lens placode become?

A

The lens vesicle and then the lens.

72
Q

What does the optic cup develop into?

A

The neural retina and the pigmented epithelium of the retina.

73
Q

What forms the chordial or optic fissure

A

the ventral part of the optic stalk invaginates and the optic cup folds around the invagination to form the choroidal or optic fissure.

74
Q

As the lens matures what happens to the vessels serving it?

A

They degenerate and the hyaloid artery and vein become the central artery and vein of the retina.

75
Q

As the neural retina develops, how do axons of ganglion cells move?

A

they move along the surface of the retina toward and through the optic stalk to the brain, forming the optic nerve.

76
Q

What does the anterior rim of the optic cup develop into?

A

The iris of the eye, while the choroid, sclera, cornea and extraocular muscles form from mesenchyme surrounding the optic cup.

77
Q

What is the choroid?

A

The layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the sclera and the retina. It is a continuation of the pia and arachnoid mater. The sclera is the white outer wall of the eye.

78
Q

Describe the sclera

A

It is a tough, fibrous tissue, which extends from the cornea (the clear front section of the eye) to the optic nerve at the back of the eye.

79
Q

What is the sclera a continuation of?

A

The dura mater.

80
Q

What do the eyelids develop as?

A

ectodermal folds with a mesenchymal core (from the first pharyngeal arch). They grow towards each other in front of the cornea and fuse by 8 weeks before reopening between the 5th and 7th months.

81
Q

What is a coloboma?

A

it results when the optic fissure fails to fuse, leaving a gap in eye structures. A complete coloboma extends throughout the entire eye (from optic nerve to iris), whereas coloboma of the iris is more localized.

82
Q

What can congenital cataracts result from?

A

Genetic or environmental factors. Genetic factors involve diverse genes ranging from structural components of the lens, such as mutations in CRYSTALLIN or gap junction proteins, to transcription factors.
Cataracts may also develop as a result of metabolic disorders such as galactosemia (defect in galactose metabolism) or from congenital infections such as rubella.

83
Q

What is a detached retina.

A

It can be congenital or from head trauma and is when the neural retina detaches from the pigmented retina.

84
Q

Where does the external ear develop from?

A

the external auditory meatus develops from the first pharyngeal cleft and the pinna or auricle develops from the ectoderm and the underlying mesenchyme surrounding the first cleft (first and second arches).

85
Q

What does the middle ear develop from?

A

the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) develop from the first and second pharyngeal arch and the tympanic cavity and auditory tube from the first pharyngeal pouch.

86
Q

What does the inner ear develop from?

A

the cochlea and vestibular appartatus (3 semicircular canals, utricle and saccule) develop from the ectoderm of the optic placode.

87
Q

What does the auricle develop from?

A

six auricular hillocks (proliferating ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme) on the first and second pharyngeal arches during the 5th week. The external auditory meatus develops from the first pharyngeal cleft.

88
Q

What do structural abnormalities of the external ear lead to?

A

conductive hearing loss as they impede conduction of sound to the inner ear.

89
Q

What do defects of the pinna or auricle result from?

A

abnormal growth of one or more of the auricular hillocks.

90
Q

What does supressed growth of all hillocks result in?

A

microtia (small auricle) or anotia (absence of the auricle).

overgrwoth of the hillocks results in macrotia (large auricle)

91
Q

What do accessory hilllocks produce?

A

preauricular tags, which may or may not be accompanied by preauricular pits.

92
Q

What do defects of the external auditory meatus include?

A

atresia and stenosis. From 20% to 40% of children with microtia/anotia have additional defects that could suggest a syndrome. For example microtia occurs in several single-gene disorders, including branchio-oto-renal (BOR), CHARGE, and Treacher Collins syndrome, as well as in tisomy 21 and 18.

93
Q

microtia occur following what?

A

following prenatal exposure to alcohol or isotretinoin. microtia and preauricular tags occur in oculoauriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS).

94
Q

What can occur with Fragile X syndrome, the most common cause of mental retardation in males.

A

microtia

95
Q

Where do the auditory osicles condense

A

in the first and second pharyngeal arch mesenchyme, while the first pharyngeal pouch becomes the auditory tube and tympanic cavity.

96
Q

What does the tympanic cavity enclose?

A

The auditory ossicles

97
Q

What is the eardrum (tympanic membrane) derived from?

A

the opposed ectoderm and endoderm of the first pharyngeal cleft and pouch, called the first pharyngeal membrane.

98
Q

The ectodermal cells of the cleft proliferate to form what?

A

a meatal plus, which later thins out to establish the eardrum.

99
Q

What do defects of the middle ear cause?

A

conductive hearing loss and can result from abnormal formation of the malleus, incus, and stapes, derived from neural crest cells populating from the first and second pharyngeal arches.

100
Q

What do defects in conductive hearing loss occur in association with?

A

skeletal dysplasiaas, such as achondroplasia (FGFR3 mutation) and osteogenesis imperfecta, or in various syndromes such as BOR, Treacher Collins, or OAVS.

101
Q

What does the inner ear develop from?

A

The ectodermal otic placode, which invaginates and then pinches off to form the otic vesicle.

102
Q

What does the otic vesicle form?

A

the endolymphatic duct, pars superior and pars inferior.

103
Q

What does the pars superior form?

A

the three semicricular canals and the utricle.

104
Q

What does the pars inferior form?

A

The cochlear duct and the saccule.

105
Q

What do the otic vesicle derivative collectively consititute?

A

the membranous labyrinth.

106
Q

What can sensorineural hearing loss arise from?

A

defects in the inner ear, vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve 8), or auditory regions of the brain. About half of all hearing loss (both conductive and sensoineural) has genetic causes, with the other half attributed to environmental factors, including in utero viral infections and neonatal exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Postnatal exposure to loud noise can also result in hearing loss.

107
Q

What do the cartilage, connective tissue, and arch-associated cranial nerve develop from?

A

the neural crest.

108
Q

what does the first pharyngeal pouch develop into?

A

the internal part of the tympanic membrane, the tympanic (middle ear) cavity, and the auditory (Eustachian) tube

109
Q

The hyaloid artery branches from what?

A

the opthalmic artery (a branch of the inernal carotid artery) and enters the optic cup through the optic fissure.

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