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cranial cavity and contents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial contents?

A

the brain and its meningal coverings

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2
Q

what three distinct cranial fossae is the floor of the cranial cavity divided into?

A

anterior, middle and posterior

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3
Q

what does the floor of the cranial cavity do?

A

house the brain and each fossa has numerous openings (foramina) for structures to pass in or out of the cranial cavity

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4
Q

which is the most shallow and superficial of the three cranial fossae (floor), and what does it form, and where does it lie?

A

anterior cranial fossa, forms the roof of the orbits and lies superior to the nasal cavities.

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5
Q

what does the anteior cranial fossa accommodate and do?

A

accomodates and supports the frontal lobes of the brain

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6
Q

what is the foramen of the anterior fossa and what does it do?

A

is the cribiform plate, supposrts the olfactory bulbs of the first cranial nerve

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7
Q

where is the middlecranial fossa and what does it do?

A

located centreally in the floor of the cranial cavity, accommodates the temporal lobes of the BRAIN and PITUITARY GLAND

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8
Q

What are other foramina that transmit vessels and nerves into and out of the middle cranial fossa?

A

carotid canal, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and the foramen spinosum

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9
Q

where is the posterior cranial fossa and what does it accomodate?

A

most posterior accomodates the brainstem and cerebellum.

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10
Q

which is the deepest of the three cranial fossae?

A

the posterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

how many foramina in posterior cranial fossa that transmit vessels and nerves into and out of cranial cavity?

A

four = internal acoutic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum

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12
Q

what are the meninges

A

connective tissue coverings associated with the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what do the meninges consist of?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

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14
Q

what do the meninges do?

A

provide structural and protective support and provide a framework to contain the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) that bathes and protect the central nervous system( CNS)

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15
Q

what is the dura mater and where is it?

A

outermost layer of meninges, lying directly against the bones of the skull and vertebral column.

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16
Q

what are the two layers of the dura?

A

outer periosteal, inner meningeal layer.

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17
Q

incertain areas the two layers (periosteal and meningeal) split apart to form what?

A

dural venous sinuses and dural reflections.

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18
Q

is the dural highly innervated and what is it supplies by?

A

yes, supplies by branches of the meningeal arteries

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19
Q

what is the arachnoid mater and where is it?

A

a fine web-like membrane immediately below the dura

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20
Q

what is beneath the arachnoid and what does it ccontain?

A

sub-arachnoid space, contains CSF

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21
Q

where is the pia mater?

A

located beneath the sub-arachnoid space and is tightly adherent to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

what do the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater separate to form?

A

endothelial lined venous structures: superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, confluence of sinuses, transverse, sigmoid and cavernous sinus.

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23
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses do?

A

drain blood from the brain and eventually empty into internal jugular veins.

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24
Q

where are the dural venous sinuses contained?

A

within the reflections of the dura that separate the various brain regions and lobes

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25
Q

what is the falx cerebri and what does it contain?

A

a reflection found between the two cerebral hemispheres, contains the the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses and the straight sinus.

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26
Q

what is the falx cerebelli and what does it cover/contain?

A

a layer of dura between the two cerebellar hemispheres and the diaphragma sellae, covers the sella turcica and the pituitary gland and contains the cavernous sinus.

27
Q

where do the small projections of the arachnoid (arachnoid granulations) extend and empty into?

A

extend into dural sinuses, empty or recycle the CSF into the venous system.

28
Q

what do the bridging veins drain, where do they pass through, and empty into?

A

drain -the brain itself, pass through the subarachnoid space and dura, empty into dural venous sinuses

29
Q

what does epidural hemorrhage usually result from and which vessel is most commonly lacerated?

A

from skull fracture, laceration arterial vessels -most commonly middle meningeal artery

30
Q

where does a fracture most commonly occur with epidural hemorrhage

A

region of the temporal bone (tremendous force usually required)

31
Q

in children what leads to laceration of a vessel (epidural) without fracturing the skull?

A

temporary displacement of the skull bones

32
Q

symptoms of epidural hemorrhage?

A

brief loss of consciousness, followed by a lucid interval lasting from minutes to hours, then headache, progressive alteration of consciousness and weakness on one side of the body (hemiparesis)

33
Q

what are the CT findings of epidural hemorrhage?

A

CONVEX, lens-shaped hyperdensity that may cross the midline. is a neurosurgical emergency ( bleeding is under arerial pressure, hematoma may expand rapidly) promt drainage necessary

34
Q

what does subdural hematoma result from?

A

head trauma that causes rupture of bridging veins.

35
Q

why are the bridging veins susceptible to rupture

A

because the brain floats freely in CSF, whereas the venous sinuses, to which the bridging veins attach are fixed. displacement of the brain can cause tearing at the point where the bridging veins penetrate the dura.

36
Q

who is more susceptible to a subdural hematoma and why?

A

elderly and alcoholics with brain atrophy since the bridging veins are stretched out and the brain has more space for movement ( can occur with minor head trauma)

37
Q

symptoms of subdural hematoma

A

headache, altered mental status ( with other signs not being present)

38
Q

CT finding of subdural hematoma

A

crescent-shaped concave hyperdensity that follows the contours of the brain and does not cross the midline. ( is a neurosurgical emergency and prompt drainage is almost always necessary)

39
Q

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage and what migh it be caused by?

A

a life threatening type of stroke cause by bleeding into subarachnoid space, may be caused by an aneurysm ( balloon-like buldge or weakening of an artery wall that ruptures), an arteriorvenous malformation ( abnormal tangle of arteries and veins with no capillaries in between that rupture and bleed) , or traumatic brain injury.

40
Q

what does a subarachnoid hemorrhage cause?

A

blood in subarachnoid space irritates the meninges, increases pressure on the brain and damages brain cells

41
Q

what does a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage present with?

A

sudden onset of severe headache, decribed as “the worse headache of my life” , nausea, vomiting, neck or back pain, dizziness and possible seizures.

42
Q

what does SAH(subarachnoid hemorrhage) CT look like

A

vary depending upon the vessel that is bleeding

43
Q

what does a lumbar puncture in a patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage show?

A

blood in the CSF is confirmatory

44
Q

what is the blood supply to the brain and spinal cord

A

branches of the paired internal carotid and vertebral arteries

45
Q

what is the Circle of Willis?

A

anastomotic complex of arteries from branches of the paired internal carotid and vertebral arteries which supplies the cerebrum

46
Q

what are the three cerebral arteries that come off the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries supply the anteromedial portion of the cerebrum. Middle cerebral arteries supply the majority of the lateral brain. Posterior cerebral arteries supply both the medial and lateral parts of the posterior cerebrum

47
Q

The brainstem and the spinal cord are primarily supplied by branches of what?

A

the vertebral artery and branches of the aorta.

48
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery arise from?

A

The vertebral artery.

49
Q

What supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord?

A

branches from the anterior spinal artery

50
Q

What supplies the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord?

A

The posterior spinal artery which arises from either the vertebral or basilar artery.

51
Q

What are segmental arteries branches of?

A

the posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries from the aorta and they anastomose with the anterior and posterior spnal arteries.

52
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum, supports the occipital lobes of the brain and contains the transverse sinuses.

53
Q

which foramina/nerves/fossa/plate contained in anterior fossa?

A

foramina in cribiform plate -Olfactory nerves (CN I)

54
Q

Which nerves ..are contained in middle fossa superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), Opthalmic nerve (V1), Abducens nerve (CN VI)

55
Q

which nerves/ artery are contained in middle fossa optic canal?

A

Optic nerve (CN II), opthalmic artery

56
Q

which nerve …is contained in middle fossa foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve (V2)

57
Q

which nerve is contained in middle fossa foramen

ovale?

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)

58
Q

which nerve/artery …is contained in middle fossa carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery, internal carotid nervous plexus (sympathetic)

59
Q

which nerve/artery… is contained in middle fossa foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

60
Q

which nerve/…contained in posterior fossa internal acoustic meatus?

A

facial nerve (CN VII), Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

61
Q

which nerve/… contained in posterior fossa jugular foramen?

A

sigmoid sinus, Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Vagus nerve (CN X), Accesory nerve (CN XI)

62
Q

which nerve/… contained in posterior fossa hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

63
Q

which nerve/… is contained in posterior fossa in foramen magnum?

A

vertebral arteries, accessory nerves (spinal contribution to CN XI), anterior and posterior spinal arteries

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