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Maddie’s Head and Neck > Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the path of the Abducens nerve.

A

Pons > cavernous sinus > superior orbital fissure > orbit.

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2
Q

Describe the path of the optic nerve.

A

Rods and cones > optic canal > crossing and merging at the optic chiasm

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3
Q

Describe the path of the vagus nerve.

A

Medulla > jugular foramen > carotid sheath > thorax > abdomen.

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4
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Facial nerve.

A

Bell’s palsy, efferent limb of corneal reflex (blinking), hyperacusis, dry eyes, altered taste.

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5
Q

Describe the path of the occulomotor nerve.

A

Midbrain > cavernous sinus > superior orbital fissure > orbit.

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6
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Trochlear nerve.

A

Congenital damage, head injury, stroke.

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7
Q

Describe the path of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

Pons > internal acoustic meatus > vestibulocochlear nerve > cochlear and semicircular canals.

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8
Q

Describe the intracranial branches of the facial nerve.

A

Chorda tympani, nerve to stapedius, greater pterosal.

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9
Q

Describe the branches formed by Vc.

A

Supraorbital and supratrochear.

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10
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Occulomotor nerve.

A

Examine for pupil and pupil size - “Down and Out position”

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11
Q

Describe the extracranial branches of the facial nerve.

A

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical.

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12
Q

Describe the path of the olfactory nerve.

A

Olfactory nerves in roof of nasal cavity > cribriform foramina > olfactory bulb > olfactory plate > forebrain (temporal lobe).

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13
Q

Define presbyacusis.

A

Age-related hearing loss.

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14
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Abducens nerve.

A

Raised ICP.

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15
Q

Describe the path of all three branches of the Trigeminal nerve.

A

Pons > trigeminal ganglion:
Va - cavernous sinus > superior orbital fissure > orbit
Vb - cavernous sinus > foramen rotundum > pterygopalatine fossa.
Vc - foramen ovale > infratemporal fossa

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16
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Abducens nerve.

A

Testing for weakness of lateral rectus.

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17
Q

Which emerge from the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal, accessory.

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18
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Facial nerve.

A

Special sensory: taste from anterior 2/3 tongue.
Parasympathetic: lacrimal, mucosal and salivary glands.
Motor: muscles of facial expression and stapedius.

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19
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Facial nerve.

A

Birth trauma, facial lacerations, middle ear injury, basilar skull fractures.

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20
Q

Describe the path of the facial nerve including where it’s branches originate.

A

Pons > internal acoustic meatus > petrous part of the temporal bone > 3 intracranial branches within the petrous bone > exits stylomastoid foramen > 5 extracranial branches.

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21
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Glossopharyngeal nerve.

A

General sensory: palatine tonsils, posterior 1/3 tongue, oropharynx, middle ear, tympanic membrane, carotid day and sinus.
Special sensory: taste posterior 1/3 tongue.
Parasympathetic: parotid gland.
Motor: one muscle of swallowing.

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22
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Optic nerve.

A

Test visual acuity with a Snellen chart.

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23
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve.

A

Afferent limb of gag reflex.

24
Q

Which emerge from the pons?

A

Trigeminal, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear

25
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Trigeminal nerve.

A

Sensory: face and scalp.
Motor: Vc only - muscles of mastication.

26
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Vagus nerve.

A

General sensory: pharynx and larynx.
Motor: soft palate, pharynx and larynx.
Parasympathetics: thorax and abdominal viscera.

27
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Accessory nerve.

A

Motor: trapezius and SCM.

28
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Trochlear nerve.

A

Testing for weakness of superior oblique.

29
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Accessory nerve.

A

SCM and trapezius against resistance.

30
Q

Describe the branches formed by Vb and describe their clinical significance.

A

Inferior alveolar (becomes mental, vulnerable in mandibular fractures), lingual and auriculotemporal.

31
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Trochlear nerve.

A

Motor: superior oblique muscle of eyeball movement.

32
Q

Describe the branches formed by Va, and describe their clinical relevance.

A

Infraorbital (sensory from cheek, susceptible to injury in orbital floor fracture) and superior alveolar (sensory from upper gums, used as nerve block for dentists).

33
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Hypoglossal nerve.

A

Motor: All of the tongue muscles except one.

34
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the forebrain?

A

Olfactory and optic.

35
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

Test hearing and ask about balance.

36
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Occulomotor nerve.

A

Motor: muscles of eyeball movement and eyelid including LPS.
Parasympathetic: lens of eye, sphincter pupillae.

37
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Optic nerve (not papillodema).

A

Retinal detachment, pituitary tumours, stroke.

38
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

Acoustic neuroma - benign tumour of the nerve.

39
Q

Which emerge from the midbrain?

A

Occulomotor and trochlear

40
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Trigeminal nerve.

A

Afferent limb of corneal reflex with facial nerve. Also general sensory to face, and motor to muscles of mastication.

41
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

Special sensory: hearing and balance.

42
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Oculomotor nerve.

A

Raised ICP, cavernous sinus thrombosis, aneurysms.

43
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Olfactory nerve.

A

Enquire about sense of smell, rarely use smelling salts.

44
Q

Describe the path of the accessory nerve.

A

Medulla > jugular foramen

45
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Hypoglossal nerve.

A

Inspect movement of tongue. Inspect for denervation atrophy.

46
Q

Describe the causes of damage to the Trigeminal nerve

A

Fractures, and many conditions - Trigeminal neuralgia, shingles.

47
Q

Describe how you test for function of the Vagus nerve.

A

Speech, ability to swallow, cough, movement (should elevate) of uvula and soft palate. Afferent limb of gag reflex.

48
Q

Describe the path of the trochlear nerve.

A

Midbrain (dorsal aspect) > cavernous sinus > superior orbital fissure > orbit.

49
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Optic nerve.

A

Special sensory: sight.

50
Q

Describe the path of the hypoglossal nerve.

A

Medulla > hypoglossal canal.

51
Q

Decribe anosmia and it’s causes.

A

Loss of smell.
Could be caused by olfactory nerve lesion (basilar skull fracture, tumour within anterior cranial fossa) or upper respiratory tract infection.

52
Q

Describe the path of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

A

Medulla > jugular foramen

53
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the olfactory nerve.

A

Special sensory: olfaction

54
Q

Describe the make up of fibres in the Abducens nerve.

A

Motor: lateral rectus muscle of eyeball movement.

55
Q

Describe papilloedema and it’s causes.

A

Swelling of the optic disk caused by a raised ICP: optic nerve carries an extension of the meninges.

56
Q

Why is the Abducens nerve especially vulnerable to compression by tumours etc? (2)

A

Has a very long intracranial path from the pons to the orbit, so that gives it a lot of chance to be compressed.

Maddie’s Head and Neck (17 decks)

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