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Neurology > Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Cranial nerves Flashcards

0
Q

motor nerves

A

their cell bodies are in nuclei within the brain

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1
Q

sensory nerves

A

most of their cell bodies are outside of the brain in ganglia

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2
Q

CN 1

A 
Olfactory nerve, sensory (smell)
Olfactory receptors (Superior part of nasal cavity, inferior surface of the cribriform plate along the superior nasal concha) ->olfactory epithelium -> olfactory nerve -> olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate -> olfactory bulbs -> olfactory tracts -> primary olfactory area 28 + limbic system + hypothalamus + habenular nuclei (Ephithalamus) emotional response to odors -> Frontal lobe #11
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3
Q

Loss of sense of smell from infections of nasal mucosa, head injuries, meningitis, smoking, cocaine use

A

Anosmia

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4
Q

Reduced ability to smell

A

hyposmia

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5
Q

increased sense of smell

A

hyperosmia (only sensation reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus)

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6
Q

CN II

A 
Optic Nerve (sensory nerve - optic)
Rods and cones in retina (photoreceptor->Bipolar cell -> Ganglion)
-> Optic nerves -> optic foramen (under pituitary gland) ->optic chiasm (medial half cross opposite site, lateral half does not cross) -> optic tract ->lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus -> primary visual area #17 Occipital lobe (a few axons go to superior colliculi (tectum) in midbrain
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7
Q

cone

A

Stimulated in bright light, color vision, high acuity, concentrated in the center of retina

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8
Q

rod

A

allow us to see in dim light
no color
low acuity
concentrated in the periphery

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9
Q

Bipolar cells

A

lateral connections

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10
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

their axons extend posteriorly to optic disc and exit the eye as the optic nerve

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11
Q

Optic disc

A

blind spot

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12
Q

blindness due to a defect or loss of 1 or 2 eyes

A

Anopia
from fractures in orbit, brain lesions, damage along the pathway disease of the nervous system, pituitary gland tumours, cerebral aneurysm

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13
Q

Make your eyes trick

A

CN III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear nerve), VI (Abducens nerve)

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14
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve (Motor, eye movement and upper eye lid)
Nucleus in midbrain -> superior orbital fissure -> superior branch ->superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris
also
->inferior branch ->medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique mm

Autonomic (smooth muscle)
Motor nucleus in midbrain -> superior orbital fissure -> inferior branch -> ciliar ganglion -> ciliary muscle and circular muscle of iris

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15
Q

image formation

A
  1. reflection n bending of light by the lens and cornea
  2. Accommodation (the change in the shape of the lens) when the eye is focusing on a close object, the lens become more spherical causing greater reflection of light rays (less than 20 feet)
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16
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

controls the shape of lens

adjust the lens for near vision “accommodation’

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17
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve
Motor eye movement superior oblique (look down and out)
Smallest cranial nerve
only on the arises from the posterior brain stem
trochlear nucleus ->superior orbital fissure -> superior oblique mm of eye ball

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18
Q

CN VI

A 
Abducens nerve (motor abducts the eye) in pons
Abducens nucleus ->superior orbital fissure -> lateral rectus muscle
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19
Q

Superior oblique muscle

A

makes you look down and out

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20
Q

Inferior oblique muscle

A

make you look up and out

21
Q

moves the eye towards the nose

A

Medial rectus

22
Q

moves eye away from the nose

A

lateral rectus

23
Q

moving eye up

A

superior rectus

24
Q

moves eye down

A

Inferior rectus

25
Q

makes you look down and out

A

Superior oblique rotates

26
Q

makes you look up and out

A

Inferior oblique

27
Q

CN III eye muscles

A

medial rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

28
Q

CN IV eye muscle

A

Superior oblique

29
Q

CN VI eye muscle

A

lateral rectus

30
Q

Damage to occulomotor

A

Strabismus : lazy eye, condition in which both eyes do not fix on the same object since one or both eyes may turn inword or outword
Ptosis
dilation of pupil
movement of eyeball downward and outward on damaged side
loss of accommodation for near vision
diplopia (double vision)

31
Q

Damage to trochlear nerve

A

strabismus

diplopia

32
Q

damage to abducens

A

affected eyeball can’t move laterally beyond midpoint and eyeball is usually directed medially

33
Q

CN V 3 branches

A 
Trigeminal nerve (both motor and sensory)
Sensory 3 branches
1. Ophthalmic V1
2. Maxillary V2
3. Mandibular V3
34
Q

Ophthalamic nerve covers

A 
sensory from skin over upper lid, 
cornea
lacrimal glands
upper nasal cavity
side of nose
forehead
anterior half of scalp
35
Q

where does Ophthalmic pass to get trigeminal ganglion

A

superior orbital fissure

36
Q

Maxillary covers

A 
sensory from mucosa of nose
palate
part of pharynx
upper teeth
upper lip
lower eyelid
37
Q

where does maxillary pass through to join trigeminal ganglion

A

foramen rotundum

38
Q

Mandibular nerve covers

A 
sensory from anterior 2/3 of tongue (not taste), 
cheek and its mucosa,
lower teeth
skin over mandible 
side of head anterior to ear
mucosa of floor of mouth
39
Q

where does mandibular nerve pass to join trigeminal ganglion

A

foremen ovale

40
Q

What is the uniqueness of CNV?

A

Largest cranial nerve has both motor and sensory

41
Q

what does trigeminal motor nerve do? and where is it?

A

in mandibular branch
supply mm of mastication
these motor neurons mainly control chewing

42
Q

What is main pathology of Trigeminal nerve?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureaux)
Sharp cutting intense pain that last for a few seconds to a minute
is caused by anything that presses on the trigeminal nerve on its branches (V2 or V2 and V3 - lip, face, tongue)
pain is within the nerve’s distribution

43
Q

what are possible causes of trigeminal neuralgia

A

local compressions
herpes zoster, vascular lesions, tumours
demyelinating conditions with subsequent scarring (MS)
ideopathic

44
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve

sensory and motor and autonomic

45
Q

CNVII sensory route

A

Taste buds of anterior 2/3 of tongue ->stylomastoid foremen (temporal bone) -> genuculate ganglion -> pons -> thalamus ->gustatory area of cerebral cortex #43

also sensory axons from skin in ear canal (relay touch, pain, heat and cold)

46
Q

CN VII motor nerve route

A

nucleus in pons -> stylomastoid foremen -> fascial expression mm, stylohyoid mm, posterior digastric mm, stapedius mm

47
Q

CNVII autonomic nerve route

A

Superior salivatory nucleus ->
1. pterygopalatine ganglion ->lacrimal gland (tears), nasal gland (snot), palatine gland

  1. Submandibular ganglion -> submandibular + sublingual glands
48
Q

CNVII pathology

A

Bell’s palsy: paralysis of the muscles of facial expression on the same side as the lesion. unilateral weakness. onset can be rapid. If sensory and autonomic affected, the patient can’t control lacrimation, decrease in salivation, can not taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue, heightened sensitivity of hearing. Sagging of face and eyelid

49
Q

how do you differentiate stroke and Bell’s palsy?

A

Stroke affect lower half of facial muscles. The patient can control eye brow or can close eyes. The patient with Bell’s palsy can not.

Neurology (17 decks)

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