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Neurobiology > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

List all of the cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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2
Q

Which cranial nerves are pure motor, pure sensory, or mixed?

A
  • Pure motor: 3,4,6,11,12
  • Pure sensory: 1, 2, 8
  • Mixed: 5, 7, 9, 10
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3
Q

What is the category and function of the olfactory nerve (1)?

A

Category: special somatic sensory
Function: olfaction

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4
Q

What is the category and function of the optic nerve (2)?

A

Category: special somatic sensory
Function: vision

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5
Q

What is the category and function of the oculomotor nerve (3)?

A

Category: somatic motor, parasympathetic
Function: innervate levator palpebrae superioris and all extraocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus, pupillary constrictor muscles

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6
Q

What is the category and function of the trochlear nerve (4)?

A

Category: somatic motor
Function: innervates superior oblique

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7
Q

What is the category and function of the trigeminal nerve (5)?

A

Category: general somatic sensory, branchial motor
Function: pain/temp/touch/proprioception for the face/mouth/ant. 2/3 of the tongue/nasal sinuses/meninges, muscles of mastication and tensor tympani

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8
Q

What is the category and function of the abducens nerve (6)?

A

Category: somatic motor
Function: innervates lateral rectus

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9
Q

What is the category and function of the facial nerve (7)?

A

Category: branchial motor, parasympathetic, special visceral sensory, general somatic sensory
Function: muscles of facial expression/stapedius/part of digastric muscle, lacrimal glands/all salivary glands except parotid, taste from ant. 2/3 of tongue, sensation from a small area near external auditory meatus

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10
Q

What is the category and function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (8)?

A

Category: special somatic sensory
Function: hearing and vestibular sensations

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11
Q

What is the category and function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (9)?

A

Category: branchial motor, parasympathetic, general somatic sensory, special visceral sensory, general visceral sensory
Function: stylopharyngeus muscle, parotid gland, sensation from middle ear/near external auditory meatus/ pharynx/posterior 1/3 of the tongue, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors of carotid body

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12
Q

What is the category and function of the vagus nerve (10)?

A

Category: branchial motor, parasympathetic, general somatic sensory, special visceral sensory, general visceral sensory
Function: pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, parasympathetic to heart/lungs/digestive tract, sensation from pharynx/meninges/region near externa. auditory meatus, taste from epiglottis/pharynx, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors of aortic arch

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13
Q

What is the category and function of the spinal accessory nerve (11)?

A

Category: branchial motor
Function: sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius

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14
Q

What is the category and function of the hypoglossal nerve (12)?

A

Category: somatic motor
Functions: intrinsic muscles of the tongue

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15
Q

Describe the general anatomy of cranial nerve nuclei

A
  • Nuclei form 3 motor columns and 3 sensory columns that run the length of the brainstem
  • Each column serves different motor or sensory cranial nerve function
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16
Q

List the the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the somatic motor classification

A
  • Function: extraocular muscles, intrinsic tongue muscles
  • Nuclei: oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, abducens nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus
  • CN: 3, 4, 6, 12
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17
Q

List the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the branchial motor classification

A
  • Function: muscles of mastication, facial expression, middle ear, pharynx, larynx, SCM, upper trap
  • Nuclei: motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve, facial nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, accessory spinal nucleus
  • CN: 5, 7, 9, 10, 11
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18
Q

List the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the parasympathetic classification

A
  • Function: parasympathetic innervation of head and thoracoabdominal viscera above splenic flexure
  • Nuclei: edinger-westphal nucleus, superior salivatory nucleus, inferior salivatory nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve
  • CN: 3, 7, 9, 10
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19
Q

List the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the visceral sensory classification (specifically special visceral afferent)

A
  • Function: taste
  • Nuclei: nucleus solitarius (rostral portion of gustatory nucleus)
  • CN: 7, 9, 10
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20
Q

List the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the visceral sensory classification (specifically general visceral afferent)

A
  • Function: inputs for control of cardiorespiratory and digestive function
  • Nuclei: nucleus solitarius (caudal portion of cardiorespiratory nucleus)
  • CN: 9, 10
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21
Q

List the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the general somatic sensory classification

A
  • Function: touch, pain, temperature, position, and vibration sense for the face, sinuses, and meninges
  • Nuclei: trigeminal nuclei
  • CN: 5, 7, 9 ,10
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22
Q

List the functions, corresponding brainstem nuclei, and cranial nerves of the special somatic sensory classification

A
  • Function: olfaction, vision, hearing, vestibular sensation
  • Nuclei: cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei
  • CN: 1, 2, 8
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23
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Ophthalmic division (V1)
  • Maxillary division (V2)
  • Mandibular division (V3)
24
Q

What is the trigeminal nuclear complex?

A
  • Responsible for somatic sensory functions of trigeminal nerve
  • Runs from midbrain to upper c-spine
  • Receives input from CN 5 (mostly), 3, 9, 10
  • Consists of three nuclei: mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, chief trigeminal nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus
25
Q

What is the pathway of the chief trigeminal sensory nucleus and what is it’s function?

A
  • Signals from trigeminal nerve synapse on the chief trigeminal sensory nucleus
  • Signals decussate in brainstem to travel in contralateral trigeminal lemniscus to synapse on the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
  • Tertiary neuron sends signal to the face area of the primary somatosensory cortex
  • Function: fine touch and dental pressure
26
Q

What is the pathway of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and what is it’s function?

A
  • Signals from trigeminal nerve enter the lateral pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract and synapse on the spinal trigeminal nucleus
  • Signals decussate in the brainstem and ascend in the contralateral trigeminothalamic tract to synapse on the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
  • Tertiary neuron sends signal to the face area of the primary somatosensory cortex
  • Function: crude touch, pain, and temperature for the face
27
Q

What is the somatotopic organization of the spinal trigeminal tract from ventral to dorsal?

A

Ophthalmic division (V1) –> maxillary division (V2) –> mandibular division (V3) –> CN 7 –> CN 9 –> CN 10

28
Q

What is the pathway of the mesencephalic trigeminal tract and its function?

A
  • Input to mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus which then ascends or descends in the ipsilateral mesencephalic trigeminal tract
  • Ascending function: proprioception from muscles of mastication, tongue, and extraocular muscles
  • Descending function: synapse in the motor trigeminal nucleus in the pons to create monosynaptic jaw jerk reflex (presence of reflex is abnormal)
29
Q

What is the trigeminal motor nucleus and what is it’s function?

A
  • Located in upper to mid pons
  • Innervates muscles of mastication and smaller muscles such as tensor tympani
  • Bilateral UMN input rom corticobulbar tract (unilateral UMN lesion will result in no deficits, bilateral lesion will result in brisk jaw jerk reflex)
30
Q

Describe sensory loss due to trigeminal nerve disorders?

A
  • Damage to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem leads to ipsilateral loss of facial pain and temperature sensation
  • If damage occurs to lateral pons and medulla region, injury will likely occur to nearby spinothalamic tract leading to…(1. ipsilateral loss of pain and temp in the face 2. contralateral loss of pain and temp in the body)
31
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A
  • Recurrent episodes of brief severe pain in distribution of one of the trigeminal nerve branches (often V2 or V3)
  • Cause is typically unknown, but can be due to compression of trigeminal nerve or MS
  • Treatment: medication, possible surgery
32
Q

What is the general somatic sensation function of the facial nerve?

A
  • Receives sensory input from a region near the external auditory meatus
  • Synapses on the trigeminal nucleus
33
Q

What are the two parasympathetic functions/pathways of the facial nerve?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the superior salivatory nucleus in the pons
  • Some fibers synapse on the sphenopalatine ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic cells project to lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa
  • Other fibers synapse on the submandibular ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic cells project to the submandibular gland and the sublingual salivatory glands
34
Q

How does taste sensation of the facial nerve occur?

A
  • Taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is detected via facial nerve and synapses in the rostral nucleus solitarius (aka gustatory nucleus)
  • Secondary neurons project in the ipsilateral tegmental tract and synapse bilaterally in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
  • Tertiary neurons project to cortical taste are adjacent to the tongue somatosensory area
35
Q

The facial nucleus contains cells bodies of LMNs that innervate what?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Part of digastric muscle to open the jaw
  • Stapedius muscle to dampen loud noises

(all branchial motor functions of the facial nerve)

36
Q

The facial nucleus receives UMN (corticobulbar) input from where?

A
  • Input for inferior part of the face from contralateral motor cortex
  • Input for superior part of the face from bilateral motor cortices
37
Q

How will and UMN lesion and a LMN lesion present differently in terms of facial weakness?

A
  • UMN: weakness affecting mainly the inferior portions of the contralateral face, superior portion remains unaffected because it is innervated bilaterally
  • LMN: weakness affecting the entire ipsilateral half of the face, damage to ipsilateral facial nerve which innervates the entire half of the face
38
Q

What is bell’s palsy?

A
  • Most common facial nerve disorder
  • Impaired function evolves over a few hours to a day
  • Gradual recovery
  • Symptoms: LMN facial weakness, dry eye, retroauricular, hyperacusis, ipsilateral taste lost to anterior tongue
  • May have residual effects after recovery
39
Q

What is the branchial motor function/pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve arises from nucleus ambiguus in the medulla and travels to innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle
  • Elevates the pharynx during speech and swallowing, contributes to gag reflex
40
Q

What is the parasympathetic function/pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the inferior salivatory nucleus and travel to synapse on the otic ganglion
  • Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel to the parotid gland to stimulate saliva production
41
Q

What is the general somatic sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Receives sensory input from the posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, middle ear, and a region near the external auditory meatus
  • Synapse on the trigeminal nucleus
42
Q

What is the special visceral sensory function/pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve receives taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and synapses on the rostral nucleus solitarius
  • Secondary neurons project in the ipsilateral central trigeminal tract to synapse bilaterally on the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
  • Tertiary neurons send signal to cortical taste area
43
Q

What is the general visceral sensory function/pathway for the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve receives input from chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the carotid body
  • Nerve synapses in the caudal nucleus solitarius in the medulla
  • Information is sent to brainstem regions that control HR, BP, and RR
44
Q

What is the branchial motor function of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Arises from nucleus ambiguus in the medulla
  • Innervates: palate, pharynx, upper esophagus, and larynx
45
Q

what is different about the palate in terms of innervation to the nucleus ambiguus?

A
  • Innervation of nucleus ambiguus from the motor cortex in bilateral, except for the palate
  • The palate receives unilateral innervation from the contralateral cortex
  • If UMN: see only weakness of the palate
  • If LMN: weakness of all muscle innervated by vagus
46
Q

What is the general somatic function of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Receives sensory input from pharynx, larynx, meninges, and a small region near the external auditory meatus
  • Synapses on the trigeminal nucleus
47
Q

What is the special visceral sensory function/pathway of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Vagus nerve carries taste sensation from epiglottis and posterior pharynx and synapses on the rostral nucleus solitarius
  • Secondary neurons project in the ipsilateral central tegmental tract and synapse bilaterally on the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
  • Tertiary neurons project to the cortical taste area
48
Q

What is the general visceral sensory function/pathway of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Vagus nerve receives input from chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the aortic arch and synapses in the caudal nucleus solitarius of the medulla
  • The cardiorespiratory portion of the nucleus sends projections to the brainstem regions that control HR, BP, and RR
49
Q

What is the parasympathetic function/pathway of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from the dorsal motor nucleus of CN 10 in the medulla
  • Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are found in the terminal ganglia near effector organs
  • Provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs, and digestive tract down the splenic flexure
50
Q

What is the branchial motor function/pathway of the spinal accessory nerve?

A
  • Nerve fibers arise from the spinal accessory nucleus between dorsal and ventral horns on the lateral aspect of the spinal cord
  • Rootlets leave the spinal cord between the dorsal and ventral nerve roots just dorsal to the dentate ligament
  • nerve ascends through the foramen magnum to enter the intracranial cavity and exits the cranium via the jugular foramen
  • Innervates the sternocleidomastoid and the upper trapezius
51
Q

In the occurrence of an UMN lesion, how would the SCM and upper trap present differently?

A
  • SCM: no deficits because bilateral innervation from cortex
  • Upper trap: markedly weakened because contralateral innervation from cortex
52
Q

What is the somatic motor function/pathway of the hypoglossal nerve?

A
  • UMN inputs to hypoglossal nucleus in medulla from tongue region of the contralateral primary motor cortex
  • hypoglossal nerve exits the nucleus as rootlets from between the pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus
  • Nerve travels to innervate all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus
53
Q

How do hypoglossal UMN and LMN lesions present differently?

A
  • Tongue will deviate towards the side of weakness
  • UMN: tongue will be weak and deviate away from the lesion, weakness will be contralateral to the lesion found in the cortex or corticobulbar pathway
  • LMN: tongue will be weak and deviate toward the side of lesion, weakness will be ipsilateral to lesion found in the nucleus or along the nerve
54
Q

Which cranial nerve (5 or 7) damage is more commonly associated with hyperacusis?

A
  • CN 5 innervates tensor tympani, CN 7 innervates stapedius
  • Stapedius offer stronger reflex than tensor tympani reflex to dampen sound
  • Damage to CN 7 will have more of an effect on hearing –> more commonly associated with hyperacusis
55
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the afferent and efferent aspects of the corneal reflex, jaw jerk reflex, and gag reflex?

A
  • Corneal (afferent: 5, efferent: 7)
  • Jaw jerk ( afferent: mesencephalic division of 5, efferent: 5)
  • Gag (afferent 9/10, efferent: 10)

Neurobiology (15 decks)

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