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Neurobiology > Course Introduction > Flashcards

Course Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of the CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

Elements of the PNS

A

Cranial nerves & ganglia
Spinal nerves & ganglia
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerves and ganglia
Enteric nervous system

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3
Q

Ascending unit that begins at sensory receptors and ends at CNS

A

Sensory Component

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4
Q

Descending unit that begins at CNS and ends at muscles and glands

A

Motor Component

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5
Q

What type of organizational method sorts levels of the nervous system in a ranked series?

A

Hierarchical Organization

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6
Q

What type of organizational method describes the nervous system as sequential communication between levels?

A

Serial Processing

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7
Q

What type of organizational method describes the nervous system as multiple active pathways between each level?

A

Parallel Processing

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8
Q

Output to lower motor neurons is directly influenced by what?

A

Local circuit neurons
Descending control from cortex and brainstem

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9
Q

Output to lower motor neurons is indirectly influenced by what?

A

Basal ganglia
Cerebellum

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10
Q

The most abundant glial cell that forms the blood brain barrier and helps maintain homeostasis in the CNS

A

Astrocyte

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11
Q

Glial cells that line ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal Cells

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12
Q

Glial cells that concentrate at sites of trauma, they are macrophages that phagocytize dead tissue, debris, and pathogens

A

Microglia

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13
Q

Glial cells that myelinate axons within the CNS to improve signal conduction

A

Oligodendrocyte

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14
Q

Glial cells that maintain homeostasis in the PNS

A

Satellite Cells

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15
Q

Glial cells that myelinate axons in the PNS to improve signal conduction

A

Schwann Cells

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16
Q

What are two general functions of chemical neurotransmitters?

A

Rapid communication between neurons
Neuromodulation

17
Q

How do neurons communicate using chemical neurotransmitters across a synapse?

A

Fast excitatory post synaptic potentials and inhibitory post synaptic potentials with spatial and temporal summation

18
Q

What is neuromodulation?

A

Slow signaling cascades that lead to facilitation or inhibition of subsequent signaling with the neuron

19
Q

Glutamate

A

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

20
Q

GABA

A

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

21
Q

What is glycine?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina

22
Q

What is acetylcholine

A

Main neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic nervous system, and neuromodulation

23
Q

What is norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system and neruomodulation

24
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Neurotransmitter used in neuromodulation

25
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Neurotransmitter used in neuromodulation

26
Q

What is histamine?

A

Neurotransmitter used in mainly excitatory neuromodulation

27
Q

Describe the gray matter of the CNS

A

Makes up the outer layer of the brain, inner tissue of the spinal cord and nuclei in the deep brain and brainstem

Where cell bodies are

Area of synaptic communication between neurons

28
Q

Describe the white matter of the CNS

A

Makes up the inner tissue of the brain and outer layer of the spinal cord

Where myelinated axons are

Area for transmission of signals over long distances

29
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of axons that have cell bodies in the same gray matter structure and terminate in the same distant area of gray matter without any synapses along the route

30
Q

What is a pathway?

A

Similar to a tract, but a pathway may contain synapses

31
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of neurons?

A

Afferent Neurons - carry information from the periphery toward the CNS
Efferent Neurons - carry information from the CNS toward the periphery
Interneurons - participate in circuits but only travel short distances within the spinal cord or cortex and nuclei

32
Q

What is convergence?

A

When many neurons come together to provide input to one neuron

33
Q

What is divergence?

A

When one neuron splits apart to innervate multiple targets

34
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The strength of a synaptic connections between neurons is dynamic and constantly changing

35
Q

What is short-term synaptic plasticity?

A

Rapid, transient changes in synaptic transmission due to changes in the amount neurotransmitter released, lasts milliseconds to minutes (synaptic facilitation, augmentation, potentiation, depression)

36
Q

What is long-term synaptic plasticity?

A

Longer lasting changes that involve pre and post synaptic changes related to protein phosphorylation and gene expression, lasts hours days or longer (long-term potentiation, long-term depression)

Neurobiology (15 decks)

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