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PNS Exam Two > Cranial Nerve X > Flashcards

Cranial Nerve X Flashcards

0
Q

What is the most important parasympathetic nerve?

A

Vagus

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1
Q

The vagus nerve carries what kind of fibers?

A

Motor, parasympathetic, sensory, and some taste from the epiglottal region

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2
Q

What is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve X

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3
Q

What does “vagus” mean?

A

Wandering

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4
Q

The cell bodies of the motor fibers of cranial nerve X are located in what nucleus?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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5
Q

From where does the nucleus ambiguus receive information?

A

Both cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of cranial nerve X arise from what location?

A

Posterior (dorsal) nucleus of the vagus

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7
Q

The posterior (dorsal) nucleus of vagus receives (parasympathetic) information from what locations?

A

Indirectly from the hypothalamus and the carotid sinus

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8
Q

Incoming somatosensory information of cranial nerve X terminates in what location?

A

Spinal nucleus of cranial nerve V

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9
Q

Taste and viscerosensory information of cranial nerve X terminates in what location?

A

Solitary nucleus (superior part for taste, inferior part for viscerosensory)

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10
Q

What are the two peripheral ganglia associated with cranial nerve X?

A

Superior and inferior ganglia (not the same as for cranial nerve IX)

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11
Q

What is another name for the superior ganglion of cranial nerve X?

A

Jugular ganglion

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12
Q

What is another name for the inferior ganglion of cranial nerve X?

A

Nodose ganglion

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13
Q

Where are the cell bodies located for cranial nerve X’s neurons of somatic sensory information?

A

Superior ganglion

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14
Q

Somatic sensory information of cranial nerve X comes from what locations?

A

Dura of the infratentorial/posterior fossa, auricle, external auditory canal, lateral tympanic membrane, mucosa of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

The vagus nerve carries viscerosensory information from what areas?

A

Larynx and laryngopharynx, viscera in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, pressure receptors in the aortic arch, and chemoreceptors in the para-aortic body

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16
Q

What is the apparent origin of the vagus nerve?

A

Lateral aspect of the medulla oblongata as a series of rootlets (just inferior to the apparent origin of cranial nerve IX)

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17
Q

When do the rootlets of the vagus nerve combine to form a trunk?

A

Before it exits the skull through the jugular foramen

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18
Q

What branch of the vagus nerve supplies the dura of the posterior cranial fossa/infratentorial cranial fossa?

A

Meningeal branch

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19
Q

In the jugular foramen, what nerves travel anterior to its fibrous septum?

A

Vagus and accessory (X and XI)

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20
Q

In the jugular foramen, what nerves travel posterior to its fibrous septum?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

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21
Q

What is unique about cranial nerves X and XI as they pass through the jugular foramen?

A

They share a meningeal sheath covering them made of arachnoid and dura

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22
Q

How many cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

3 total (IX, X, XI)

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23
Q

The auricular branch is given off at what ganglion of the vagus nerve?

A

Superior ganglion

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24
Q

The auricular branch of the vagus nerve passes through what openings to get to the external auditory meatus?

A

Mastoid canaliculus and tympanomastoid fissure

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25
Q

The auricular branch carries sensory information from what locations?

A

External auditory meatus and a small portion of the auricle

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26
Q

Where is the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve located?

A

In the jugular foramen

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27
Q

Where is the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve located?

A

Just inferior to the jugular foramen

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28
Q

How is the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve morphologically different from the superior ganglion?

A

Larger and more cylindrically shaped

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29
Q

After exiting the jugular foramen, what does the vagus nerve travel within and what two structures does it travel in between in its pathway prior to the carotid bifurcation?

A

Inferiorly within the carotid sheath between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein

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30
Q

Inferior to the carotid bifurcation, in between what structures does the vagus nerve travel?

A

Internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

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31
Q

The pharyngeal branch leaves the vagus nerve at which ganglion?

A

At the level of the inferior ganglion

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32
Q

What forms the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve and sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk

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33
Q

Vagal fibers of the pharyngeal branch provide motor supply to what muscles?

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the levator veli palatine muscle of the soft palate

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34
Q

The muscles supplied by the vagus nerve are derived from what embryologic structures?

A

Branchial arches

35
Q

Branches to the carotid artery of the vagus nerve are given off at what ganglion?

A

Inferior

36
Q

What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve (from the vagus nerve)?

A

External and internal laryngeal nerves

37
Q

What muscle is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

38
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Sensory information from the laryngeal mucosa as far inferior as the vocal cords

39
Q

Where is the superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve given off?

A

Just inferior to the inferior ganglion

40
Q

What is the motor supply of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus)?

A

All of the muscles of the larynx except for cricothyroid

41
Q

Where would the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the internal laryngeal nerve be located?

A

Superior ganglion

42
Q

Where would the sensory fibers of the internal laryngeal nerve terminate?

A

Spinal nucleus of cranial nerve V

43
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Tighten and elongate the vocal cords results in higher voice pitches

44
Q

What is the action of thyroarytenoid? (Not on test)

A

Shorten vocal folds by pulling arytenoid cartilages forward

45
Q

What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle? (Not on test)

A

Opens rima glottidis

46
Q

What is the action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle? (Not on test)

A

Closes rima glottidis

47
Q

What is the action of the arytenoid muscles? (Not on test)

A

Closes rima glottidis

48
Q

What nerve carries sensory information from the larynx inferior to the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

49
Q

What nerve carries sensory information from the larynx superior to the vocal cords?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

50
Q

What is unique about the pathway of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Different pathway on each side of the body

51
Q

What branches of the vagus nerve carry parasympathetic information to the cardiac plexus?

A

Superior and inferior cervical cardiac branches

52
Q

The superior cervical cardiac branches of the vagus nerve leave the vagus nerve to travel with what vessels?

A

Great vessels (aorta and superior vena cava) to the cardiac plexus

53
Q

The inferior cervical cardiac branches are given off of what branch of the vagus nerve?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves (to eventually go to the cardiac plexus)

54
Q

What is the purpose of the singular branch that carries viscerosensory information from the cervical cardiac branches of the vagus nerve?

A

Stimulated when aortic pressure is too high to cause the parasympathetic nervous system to dilate the aorta therefore reducing overall pressure

55
Q

What occurs when the vagus nerve enters the thorax?

A

Passes posterior to the root of the ipsilateral lung and contributes to the pulmonary plexus

56
Q

How many pulmonary plexuses are there?

A

Two (anterior and posterior)

57
Q

Which pulmonary plexus is larger?

A

Posterior

58
Q

The anterior pulmonary plexus receives sympathetic fibers from what location?

A

Cervical sympathetic ganglia

59
Q

The posterior pulmonary plexus receives sympathetic fibers from what location?

A

Thoracic ganglia (2nd-5th or 6th)

60
Q

What does the inferior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Laryngeal musculature

61
Q

What is the general pathway of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Comes off vagus after vagus goes anterior to aortic arch, passes under the arch and ascends to become the inferior laryngeal nerve

62
Q

What is the general pathway of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Passes posteriorly under the subclavian artery before ascending to become the inferior laryngeal nerve

63
Q

What blood vessel is associated with the pathway of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Aortic arch

64
Q

What blood vessel is associated with the pathway of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Subclavian artery

65
Q

What is the action of the levator veli palatine muscle?

A

Elevates the soft palate

66
Q

Which vagus nerve passes over the anterior esophagus to form the anterior esophageal plexus?

A

Left vagus nerve

67
Q

Which vagus nerve passes over the posterior esophagus to form the posterior esophageal plexus?

A

Right vagus nerve

68
Q

What opening do both vagal nerves pass through to enter the abdominal cavity?

A

Esophageal opening

69
Q

After entering the abdominal cavity, what does the left vagus nerve become?

A

Anterior vagal trunk

70
Q

The anterior vagal trunk sends branches to what locations?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas, and superior part of the duodenum

71
Q

What does the right vagus nerve become as it enters the abdominal cavity?

A

Posterior vagal trunk

72
Q

The posterior vagal trunk sends branches to what locations?

A

Posterior stomach then terminates in a celiac branch that sends branches to the duodenum, liver, kidneys, small intestines and proximal 2/3 of the large intestine

73
Q

Vagal supply reaches the gastrointestinal organs via what plexuses?

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal plexuses

74
Q

Which vagus nerve has a wider distribution?

A

Right vagus nerve

75
Q

Which vagus nerve sends branches to organs all located fairly close to the diaphragm?

A

Left vagus nerve

76
Q

Vagal parasympathetic fibers of the plexuses involved travel to their destination accompanied by which arteries?

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries

77
Q

What kinds of fibers are carried in the branches of the vagus nerve that are distributed via plexuses?

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic and sensory fibers (viscerosensory, obviously, along with general)

78
Q

What is the issue with bilateral transection of the vagus nerve?

A

It is fatal (lack of supply to the heart)

79
Q

What is the result of vagal lesions within the vault or close to the skull?

A

Widespread problems related to the palate, pharynx, and larynx (phonation, speaking, swallowing)

80
Q

What can result from damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Hoarseness or decreased volume of speech

81
Q

What branches of the vagus nerve carry taste information and where does it come from?

A

Pharyngeal branches

Comes from the epiglottic region

82
Q

The celiac plexus of vagal and arterial supply reaches what organs?

A

Duodenum and liver

83
Q

The superior mesenteric plexus of vagal and arterial supply reaches what organs?

A

Small intestine and proximal 2/3 of the large intestine

84
Q

The renal plexus of vagal and arterial supply reaches what organs?

A

Kidneys

PNS Exam Two (5 decks)

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