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hsc pdhpe; core 1 > cq2; preventable chronic diseases (cvd) > Flashcards

cq2; preventable chronic diseases (cvd) Flashcards

1
Q

What is CVD?

A

Damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins and/or smaller blood
vessels.

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2
Q

What are the three major forms of CVD?

A
  • Coronary heart disease (ischaemic heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Peripheral vascular disease
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3
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of heart by the coronary
arteries.

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4
Q

What is stroke?

A

An interruption of supply of blood to the brain

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5
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries, which affect the
limbs, usually reducing blood supply to legs

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6
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The build up of fatty/fibrous material on the interior walls of arteries.

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7
Q

How does atherosclerosis lead to detrimental health?

A
  • The build up of fatty materials → decreased blood flow → increased BP
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8
Q

What are factors that speed up atherosclerosis?

A
  • High BP
  • Smoking
  • Fat rich diets
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9
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

The hardening of the arteries

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10
Q

How is Arteriosclerosis developed?

A
  • Mainly through the aging process
  • Develops as the fatty deposits of Atherosclerosis build-up and arteries become harder and less
    elastic
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11
Q

Difference between Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis → Blocked
Arteriosclerosis → Hard

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12
Q

What casues coronary heart disease (ischaemic heart disease)?

A

A reduction in the supply of blood to the heart as coronary arteries narrow
- Can be a result of atherosclerosis

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13
Q

How does a heart attack occur?

A

Occurs when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked and the heart is deprived of oxygenated blood , which is needed for proper function.

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14
Q

Why is oxygenated blood needed for the heart?

A

Lack of oxygenated blood causes tissues in the heart muscle to die leading to heart damage, heart attacks or sudden death.

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15
Q

What is Angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain that occurs when the heart has insufficient supple of oxygenated blood
- Can be the result of coronary heart disease

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16
Q

How does a stroke occur?

A

A stroke occurs either when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted by a clot or atherosclerosis, or when the burst blood vessel hemorrhages into the brain.

17
Q

What are the effects of a stroke?

A
  • The effect of a stroke on the functioning of the body can be severe, even though the damaged area appears to be quite small
  • If the affected artery is large, then paralysis of one side of the body may occur.
18
Q

How does heart failure occur?

A

Heart failure is a reflection of the heart’s inability to cater for the demands placed on it during
everyday life
- It can also be the result of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, high BP, defective heart valves and infections of the heart.

19
Q

What does failure to the left side of the heart mean?

A

Blood accumulates in
the lungs and the sufferer may experience repeated breathlessness

20
Q

What does failure to the right side of the heart mean?

A

Causes pressure to build up in the right atrium, so blood
cannot return to the heart from the body in the usual way
- Blood may accumulate in the veins and an excess of fluid accumulates in the body’s tissues.

21
Q

What is the extent of CVD?

A
  • The National health survey 2007-08 found that 3.4million Australians have a cardiovascular disease
    and it is a leading cause of death.
  • The leading cause of death (32% of all deaths in 2010)
  • Death rates in Australia from CVD are have declined considerably over past decades and show signs
    of continuing to fall. Dropped form 42% of all deaths in 1996 to 32% in 2010
  • A reduction in mortality from stroke in recent decades for both males and females -> reduction in
    the levels of risk factors (diet modifications, reduction in smoking) and improved medical care and
    treatment (blood pressure and cholesterol medication)
22
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors for CVD?

A
  1. Age: risk increases with age as a result of progression of atherosclerosis
  2. Heredity: family history of disease increases risk
  3. Gender: males more likely to develop CVD
23
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for CVD

A
  1. Smoking (most significant)
    - 5 times more likely
    - Chemicals (eg. Nicotine and carbon monoxide increases heart rate, constricts vessels, which reduces blood flow and oxygen carrying capacity in blood.)
  2. Hypertension (high blood pressure):
    - Most common cause of heart disease as it can overload the heart and blood vessels
    - Linked to high salt intake and overweight
    - Also increase risk of stroke
  3. Lack of physical activity: develop less efficient heart, high levels of blood fats and propensity to gain
    weight
  4. Overweight (obesity):
    - Increase risk by extra burden on heart and lungs
    - Linked to high blood pressure and high levels of blood fats
  5. High cholesterol: high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood can significantly increase chances of developing CVD
24
Q

What are protective factors for CVD?

A
  • Blood pressure and cholesterol checks
  • Quit smoking
  • Enjoy healthy eating
  • Visit the doctor regularly
  • Be physically active
  • Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
25
Q

What are the main sociocultural determinants for CVD?

A
  • Males
  • Asians
26
Q

How are males a sociocultural determinant for CVD?

A

Males are more likely to ignore early warning signs and less likely yo access health services
- Due to cultural expectations (masculinity) or genetic/biological characteristics in males

27
Q

How are asians a sociocultural determinant for CVD?

A

Asians are less prone to getting CVD due to low fat diets

28
Q

What are socio-economic determinants for CVD?

A

Socio-economically disadvantaged people are more likely to drink, smoke and purchase fast food

29
Q

What are environmental determinants for CVD?

A

Rural and remote areas have lack of access to appropriate health services, information and technology

30
Q

What are the groups at risk of CVD?

A
  1. Smokers
  2. Low SES
  3. Males
  4. People with high fat diets
  5. People with hypertension
  6. People over 65 years
  7. People with high cholesterol
  8. People with a family history

hsc pdhpe; core 1 (13 decks)

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