CPTED, Design, and Metrics

Question 1

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Answer 1

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a set of concepts based upon the idea that the proper design and use of the environment can reduce the fear, opportunity, and incidence of crime and improve our quality of life (C. Ray Jeffery, 1971).

Question 2

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Answer 2

Defensible Space is where the environment is compartmentalized (divided) into smaller areas or into zones that are clearly defined, which makes them easier to protect. (Oscar Newman, 1972).

Question 3

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Answer 3

CPTED targets three main areas: 1) places, 2) behaviors, and 3) use of space.

Question 4

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Answer 4

CPTED uses three main controls: 1) mechanical measures, 2) organizational measures, and 3) natural/architectural measures.

Question 5

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Answer 5

CPTED Strategies: Territoriality, Natural Surveillance, Natural Access Control, Management and Maintenance, Legitimate Activity Support, and Compartmentalization

Question 6

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Answer 6

Corner locations and ground floor apartments have higher victimization rates.

Question 7

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Answer 7

Situational Crime Prevention - Focuses on reducing opportunity to commit crime in all behavioral concepts. It addresses both motives and opportunity.

Question 8

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Answer 8

Second Generation CPTED - There are four components: 1) cohesion, 2) capacity threshold, 3) community culture, and 4) connectivity.

Question 9

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Answer 9

CPTED 3D - There are three areas: 1) designation of space, 2) definition in terms of management and identity, 3) design of desired function and behaviors.

Question 10

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Answer 10

There are 1) architectural, 2) systems, and 3) procedural considerations when it comes to graphics and signage.

Question 11

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Answer 11

There are three levels of security defense planning: 1) site analysis, 2) exterior of building, and 3) interior space.

Question 12

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Answer 12

he building design process comprises of the following:
Programming
Schematic design
Design development
Construction documents (drawings)
Bids for construction/selection of contractor

Question 13

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Answer 13

A compound that allows for non-employee access (visitors, etc.) should locate the public access building towards the front of the site, while the more secure buildings should be located towards the back.

Question 14

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Answer 14

High security areas should be placed in the middle layers of the building while lower security areas can be placed on the outer layers of the building.

Question 15

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Answer 15

Standoff distance and structural hardening are two ways to protect against an explosive threat.

Question 16

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Answer 16

Security zones may be used to establish appropriate standoff and protections layers: 1) perimeter, 2) non-exclusive zone and 3) exclusive zone.

Question 17

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Answer 17

Serpentine patterns may be a cost-effective way to protect from a speeding vehicle when installed in front of retractable bollards or other active vehicle barriers.

Question 18

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Answer 18

The building structure must also be designed to prevent progressive collapse for buildings that are three or more stories tall.

Question 19

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Answer 19

The pairing of assets against known vulnerabilities, which is often referred to as threat vectors.

Question 20

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Answer 20

It takes a “systems approach” to effectively protect organization assets.

Question 21

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Answer 21

An integrated system integrates the following into one seamless system: 1) architectural aspects (most significant factor in design), 2) security systems, and 3) operational aspects.

Question 22

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Answer 22

Enterprise risk management (ERM) uses a multidisciplinary approach in developing protection strategies and is designed to integrate crime prevention and antiterrorism as program objectives.

Question 23

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Answer 23

Physical Security Information Management (PSIM). A PSIM manages and collects data from different security systems.

Question 24

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Answer 24

The Security Metrics Evaluation Tool (Security MET) evaluates 1) technical criteria, 2) operational (security) criteria, and 3) strategic criteria.

Question 25

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Answer 25

All metrics should use the SMART process; 1) specific, 2) measurable, 3) attainable or achievable, 4) repeatable and 5) time-bounded.

Question 26

Mechanical Measures.

Answer 26

Using hardware and technology systems such as locks, security windows, fences, key control systems, video surveillance, and target hardening. These measures act as a deterrent and provide physical protection but must not be used alone; other measures should be used in conjunction with mechanical measures.

Question 27

Organizational Measures

Answer 27

Using staffing, policies, and activities to encourage observation, reporting, and intervention when appropriate. It includes activities such as educating people and performing routine patrols.

Question 28

Natural or Architectual Measures

Answer 28

Designing space (terrain, layout, landscaping, and other non-mechanical objects) so that it is more user friendly to the intended audience but not for potential adversaries. Provides a demarcation between public, semi-public, and private spaces.

Question 29

Natural surveillance

Answer 29

Improving visibility by use of clear zones, lighting, windows, and other means that allow users of the area to witness on-going activities and possible detection of criminal acts.

Question 30

Natural access control

Answer 30

Physical or symbolic barriers to prevent or discourage access or to direct movement of people and vehicles to specific access points. Spatial definition, circulation patterns, and target hardening measures can all play a part in natural access control. Plants such as the carissa, emerald blanket, and boxwood blanket are thorny and may help to form a natural barrier but may not be acceptable near areas where small children play. Residence applications may use plants such as the pygmy date palm, Jerusalem thorn and cinnecord to discourage criminal activities such as burglary. Natural access control may also employ the use of moats, walls, water, terrain, rocks/stones, berms, and vegetation as part of the strategy. A few areas to consider:

Question 31

Management and maintenance

Answer 31

Spaces or buildings that are well maintained usually have a lower incidence of crime. The “broken windows” theory (Wilson and Kelling, 1982) suggests that if a window in a building is broken, it will lead to more vandalism of the building. Therefore, quickly repairing damage and maintaining a building could reduce the number of criminal acts.

Question 32

Legitimate activity support

Answer 32

Having legitimate users in the space or building - using it for its intended purpose - may reduce criminal acts in the space or building.

Question 33

Compartmentalization

Answer 33

The design of the environment into smaller areas or zones that are clearly defined. This normally consists of multiple layers (protection-in-depth) of security features to protect people and other assets.

Question 34

Natural territorial support (territoriality)

Answer 34

Establishing a sense of ownership and vigilance of the space by routine users. May be structural or psychological in composition and could consist of demarcations of colors, texture, surface variations, signage/graphics, and fences/walls. Effective training and awareness programs are the most basic tools of territoriality.

Signage and Graphics should:

Consider architectural design
Be systematic in deployment
Consider procedures

Question 35

Reflective Pressure

Answer 35

the energy or shock wave that is redirected by objects along the initial pathway of a detonated explosive; reflective pressure is greater than the initial (incident) shock wave over the same distances.

Question 36

Standoff Distance

Answer 36

The distance between the asset and the threat. Typically regarding explosive, vehicle, or ballistic threats.

Question 37

Risk Profile

Answer 37

The description or depiction of risk based on situational or influencing factors.

Question 38

Bollard

Answer 38

A vehicle barrier, typically in cylindrical form, often made of steel and concrete, placed to prevent vehicles from passing, while allowing pedestrians and bicycles to enter.

Question 39

Threat Vector

Answer 39

Any path by which a threat action can be carried out. This may be a physical path, logical path, or a sequence of events. Includes the action, as well as the individual performing the action.

Question 40

Four Levels of Integration

Answer 40

Integration of physical security
Electronic security systems integration
Security program integration
Integration of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)

Question 41

Security Metrics Evaluation Tool (Security MET)

Answer 41

Technical Criteria - reliability, validity, generalizability
Operational (Security) Criteria - cost, timeliness, manipulation
Strategic Criteria - ROI, relevance, communication

Question 42

Enterprise Performance Framework

Answer 42

Effectiveness
Efficiency
Strategic Improvement

Question 43

PACS Metrics

Answer 43

Forced doors
Door held open
Device malfunction
User error
Unauthorized attempt to gain access
Card misread or expired
Communications failure

Question 44

Compliance Metrics

Answer 44

Initial assessment
Reoccurring assessment
Low security site - may require reassessment every 5 years
Higher security site - may require reassessment every 3 years
Systems compliance
Configuration
Network communications
Disaster recovery

Question 45

Security Program Metrics

Answer 45

Number of security requests
External dependencies responsiveness
Security cost per square foot
Security cost per employee
Security assessments performed
Security system maintenance inspections performed
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Key Points