Cph 2b And 3

Question 1

are extrinsic factors
which affect the agent and the
opportunity for exposure.

Answer 1

Environmental factors

Question 2

intrinsic factors that
influence an individual’s exposure,
susceptibility, or response to a causative
agent.

Answer 2

HOST FACTORS

Question 3

agent might be
microorganism—virus, bacterium,
parasite, or other microbes. e.g. polio,
measles, malaria, tuberculosis Generally,
these agents must be present for disease
to occur

Answer 3

Infectious Agents

Question 4

excesses or deficiencies
(Cholesterol, vitamins, proteins)

Answer 4

Nutritive

Question 5

(carbon monoxide,
drugs, medications)

Answer 5

Chemical angent

Question 6

(Ionizing radiation,…

Answer 6

Physical angent

Question 7

is an event, condition, or
characteristic without which the disease
would not have occurred.

Answer 7

Cause

Question 8

“…a complete causal
mechanism” that “inevitably produces
disease.” is not a single factor, but
a minimum set of factors and circumstances
that, if present in a given individual, will
produce the disease.

Answer 8

A sufficient cause

Question 9

Each component in a sufficient cause is called

Answer 9

Component cause

Question 10

A component cause that must be present in every
sufficient cause of a given outcome is referred to as

Answer 10

A necessary cause

Question 11

The components of a sufficient cause do not need
to act simultaneously; they can act at different
times. True or false?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

There is no single cause
Causes of disease are interacting
T or F?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Pre-exposure period in the natural
history of disease, in which the
individual in the population is
vulnerable or at risk to acquire the
infection.

Answer 13

Stage of susceptibility

Question 14

Sometimes called a pre-infection
Pathological changes occur but no
obvious recognizable clinical
findings.

Answer 14

Stage of subclinical disease

Question 15

Has recognizable manifestations
Manifestations of the disease are the
clinical evidence of effects, the signs
and symptoms of disease

Answer 15

Stage of clinical disease

Question 16

those diseases
caused by biological agents or their
products and are transmissible from one
individual to another

Answer 16

Communicable disease

Question 17

those
diseases that cannot be transmitted from
one person to another

Answer 17

Non-communicable disease

Question 18

peak severity of symptoms
occurs and subsides within three months
(usually sooner) and the recovery of those who
survive is usually complete.

Answer 18

Acute disease

Question 19

symptoms continue longer
than three months, and in some cases, for the
remainder of one’s life; recovery is slow and
sometimes incomplete.

Answer 19

Chronic diseases

Question 20

the ability of a biological
agent to lodge and grow in a host

Answer 20

Infectivity

Question 21

an infectious disease
agent’s ability to produce disease

Answer 21

Pathogenicity

Question 22

a pathogen’s ability to
cause damage to a host; the degree of
damage caused by a microbe to a host

Answer 22

Virulence

Question 23

factors produced by
microorganisms that enable them to
invade a host; evade host defenses and
evoke disease

Answer 23

Virulence factors

Question 24

(Epidemiologic triangle)
is the element that must be present
for disease to occur.

Answer 24

Agent

Question 25

is any susceptible organism—a
single-celled organism, a plant, an animal,
or a human—invaded by an infectious
agent.

Answer 25

Host

Question 26

Includes all other factors—
physical, biological, or social—that inhibit
or promote disease transmission.

Answer 26

Environment

Question 27

Unicellular microorganisms which have
cell walls but lack organelles and an
organized nucleus, including some which
can cause disease
▪ Classified as either Gram Positive that
releases Exotoxin or Gram Negative that
releases Endotoxin.

Answer 27

Bacteria

Question 28

Biological agent that reproduces inside
the cells of living hosts.
▪ Infective agent that typically consists of a
nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is
too small to be seen by light microscopy,
and is able to multiply only within the living
cells of a host.

Answer 28

Virus

Question 29

One-celled or multicellular organism that
are relatedly distant to plants but closer to
the animal kingdom.

Answer 29

Fungi

Question 30

are organisms that live on or in a
host organism and gets its food from or at
the expense of its host.

Answer 30

Parasite

Question 31

Three main classes of parasites that can
cause disease in humans:

Answer 31

a. Protozoa: single-celled eukaryotes
b. Helminths: are worm-like parasites.
c. Ectoparasites: are organisms that live
on the skin of a host

Question 32

Conceptual model that reflects the
transmission of communicable disease
from its source to the susceptible host.

Answer 32

Chain of infection

Question 33

Habitat in which
the agent normally live, grow and
multiply.

Answer 33

Reservoir

Question 34

Resistance
▪ Ability to ward off damage or
disease through our defenses

Answer 34

Immunity

Question 35

Any low-molecular-weight regulatory protein
or glycoprotein secreted by immune cells or
other cells of the body which mediate and
regulate immunity, inflammation and
hematopoiesis
▪ Produced in response to an immune stimulus
▪ Bind to specific receptors on the membrane
target cells, triggering signal-transduction
pathways that ultimately alter gene
expressions in the target cells

Answer 35

Cytokines

Question 36

Convalescent immunity that occurs when a person
recovers from infection
▪ Lifetime (measles, mumps) or temporary (scarlet fever

Answer 36

Natural active

Question 37

Provided by mothers through transplacental transfer and
through breastfeeding
▪ Maternal antibodies to specific diseases are passed to
the infant and protect the child during vulnerable first
months of life

Answer 37

Natural Passive

Question 38

Introduction of a killed or weakened form of
the disease organism through vaccination
(vaccine-induced immunity)

Answer 38

Artificial Active

Question 39

Is achieved by infusion of serum or plasma
containing high concentrations of antibody

Answer 39

Artificial passive

Question 40

containment of a disease and can
include both prevention and intervention
measures; the limiting of transmission of a
communicable disease in a population

Answer 40

Control

Question 41

the uprooting or total elimination
of a disease from the human population. It is an
elusive goal, one that is only rarely achieved in
public health.

Answer 41

Eradication

Question 42

the separation, for the period of
communicability, of infected persons or
animals from others so as to prevent the
direct or indirect transmission of the
communicable agent to a susceptible
person.

Answer 42

Isolation

Question 43

limitation of the freedom of
movement of well persons or animals that
have been exposed to a communicable
disease until the incubation period has
passed.

Answer 43

Quarantine