Cph 2b And 3 Flashcards

1
Q

are extrinsic factors
which affect the agent and the
opportunity for exposure.

A

Environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

intrinsic factors that
influence an individual’s exposure,
susceptibility, or response to a causative
agent.

A

HOST FACTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

agent might be
microorganism—virus, bacterium,
parasite, or other microbes. e.g. polio,
measles, malaria, tuberculosis Generally,
these agents must be present for disease
to occur

A

Infectious Agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

excesses or deficiencies
(Cholesterol, vitamins, proteins)

A

Nutritive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(carbon monoxide,
drugs, medications)

A

Chemical angent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

(Ionizing radiation,…

A

Physical angent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is an event, condition, or
characteristic without which the disease
would not have occurred.

A

Cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“…a complete causal
mechanism” that “inevitably produces
disease.” is not a single factor, but
a minimum set of factors and circumstances
that, if present in a given individual, will
produce the disease.

A

A sufficient cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Each component in a sufficient cause is called

A

Component cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A component cause that must be present in every
sufficient cause of a given outcome is referred to as

A

A necessary cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The components of a sufficient cause do not need
to act simultaneously; they can act at different
times. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

There is no single cause
Causes of disease are interacting
T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pre-exposure period in the natural
history of disease, in which the
individual in the population is
vulnerable or at risk to acquire the
infection.

A

Stage of susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sometimes called a pre-infection
Pathological changes occur but no
obvious recognizable clinical
findings.

A

Stage of subclinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Has recognizable manifestations
Manifestations of the disease are the
clinical evidence of effects, the signs
and symptoms of disease

A

Stage of clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

those diseases
caused by biological agents or their
products and are transmissible from one
individual to another

A

Communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

those
diseases that cannot be transmitted from
one person to another

A

Non-communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

peak severity of symptoms
occurs and subsides within three months
(usually sooner) and the recovery of those who
survive is usually complete.

A

Acute disease

19
Q

symptoms continue longer
than three months, and in some cases, for the
remainder of one’s life; recovery is slow and
sometimes incomplete.

A

Chronic diseases

20
Q

the ability of a biological
agent to lodge and grow in a host

A

Infectivity

21
Q

an infectious disease
agent’s ability to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

22
Q

a pathogen’s ability to
cause damage to a host; the degree of
damage caused by a microbe to a host

23
Q

factors produced by
microorganisms that enable them to
invade a host; evade host defenses and
evoke disease

A

Virulence factors

24
Q

(Epidemiologic triangle)
is the element that must be present
for disease to occur.

25
is any susceptible organism—a single-celled organism, a plant, an animal, or a human—invaded by an infectious agent.
Host
26
Includes all other factors— physical, biological, or social—that inhibit or promote disease transmission.
Environment
27
Unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause disease ▪ Classified as either Gram Positive that releases Exotoxin or Gram Negative that releases Endotoxin.
Bacteria
28
Biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. ▪ Infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
Virus
29
One-celled or multicellular organism that are relatedly distant to plants but closer to the animal kingdom.
Fungi
30
are organisms that live on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.
Parasite
31
Three main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans:
a. Protozoa: single-celled eukaryotes b. Helminths: are worm-like parasites. c. Ectoparasites: are organisms that live on the skin of a host
32
Conceptual model that reflects the transmission of communicable disease from its source to the susceptible host.
Chain of infection
33
Habitat in which the agent normally live, grow and multiply.
Reservoir
34
Resistance ▪ Ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses
Immunity
35
Any low-molecular-weight regulatory protein or glycoprotein secreted by immune cells or other cells of the body which mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis ▪ Produced in response to an immune stimulus ▪ Bind to specific receptors on the membrane target cells, triggering signal-transduction pathways that ultimately alter gene expressions in the target cells
Cytokines
36
Convalescent immunity that occurs when a person recovers from infection ▪ Lifetime (measles, mumps) or temporary (scarlet fever
Natural active
37
Provided by mothers through transplacental transfer and through breastfeeding ▪ Maternal antibodies to specific diseases are passed to the infant and protect the child during vulnerable first months of life
Natural Passive
38
Introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through vaccination (vaccine-induced immunity)
Artificial Active
39
Is achieved by infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentrations of antibody
Artificial passive
40
containment of a disease and can include both prevention and intervention measures; the limiting of transmission of a communicable disease in a population
Control
41
the uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population. It is an elusive goal, one that is only rarely achieved in public health.
Eradication
42
the separation, for the period of communicability, of infected persons or animals from others so as to prevent the direct or indirect transmission of the communicable agent to a susceptible person.
Isolation
43
limitation of the freedom of movement of well persons or animals that have been exposed to a communicable disease until the incubation period has passed.
Quarantine