CP1 & CP2 - Cardio Embryology lecture notes Flashcards
how common are birth defects?
1% of live births have a heart defect
how many cells divisions does the zygote undergo
It can divide to form about 64-128 cells (6-7 divisions)
What is a morula
- from latin word for mulberry
- 32-64 cell stage
- Cells in the middle are at a disadvantage as far as getting nutrients in
what is a blastocyst?
why does it form?
- Group of cells that form a sphere with cavity on the inside.
- the cells need to be near the periphery to be able to access nutrients
inner cell mass becomes
most of the embryo
syncitium is a ____
It begins to invade the endometrium on what day?
-structure that has many nuclei due to the fact that the cells that have lost their cell membrane
5-6 days after fertilization
spotting may happen on what day?
why is this clinically relevant?
14-15 day, Woman may not know she is pregnant until “2nd missed period”
- This is clinically important because important developmental stages occur by this time.
when does uteroplacental circulation form
within the first 2 weeks
what happens on day 23
- heart cells begin to contract (heartbeat)
- there will be a lumen
- if any fluid there, it will be sloshing around
hypoblast cells induce what tissue early in development:
What does the induced part eventually become?
the tissues about it to become epiblast
-This becomes most of the embryo
What is the primitive streak
- it gives us an axis of right/left symmetry
- line where epiblast cells will ingress into to the other side and make the mesodermal cells
what does the mesoderm form?
-bone, muscle, heart, blood
what is the primitive node
- the anterior portion of the primitive streak
- some cells that will ingress through primitive node and will go directly anterior to the AVE
know difference between precordal plate and prochoradal plate
Prechordal plate - area between prochordal plate and notochord ( also helps induce primary migration cells)
Prochordal plate - orophraryngeal membrane.
- AVE is located in the orophraryngeal membrane and induces migrating cells (primary)
“a small area immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord where ectoderm and endoderm are in contact; when turned under the growing head, it forms the buccopharyngeal membrane.”
what does the region anterior to the primitive node produce?
retinoic acid
The anterior visceral endoderm gets its message to differentiate and then what happens?
-It is able to produce its own signals after this and induce the formation of the head and the heart
retinoic acid
- comes from the region anterior to the primitive node (continually made)
- diffusion leads to a gradient
what does different conc. of retinoic acid lead to
different fates for cells that ingress from different areas of the primitive streak (fate mapping)
How many migrations are there?
what is the first migration gives you___
There are more than one.
the anterior/primary heart field
what is the 2nd cell migration
These contribute to the atria
all models are wrong, but some modles are useful
where does the blood develop?
where?
- Primarily in the extraembryonic region
- It is primarily in the yolk sac
What is vasculogenesis?
What are these aggregation of cells called?
The development of blood vessels from a condensation of mesenchyme.
- mesoderm cells clump together
- angiogenic cells clusters (bad name!, because they occur in vasculogenensis)
What is angiogenesis?
In what pathological disorder does this take place?
The sprouting of new blood vessels from preexisting ones
-happens when you’re developing a tumor
splanchopleure
- involved with guts
- involved with the internal part of the body like the intestines, lungs, stomach and the heart