CP stuff

Question 1

Effects of standing

Answer 1

Stimulates CNS-catecholamine axis

Increases renin and aldosterone levels

Question 2

chylomicron

Answer 2

Apo CII

Apo E

Apo B48

Question 3

VLDL

Answer 3

Apo CII

Apo E

Apo B100

Question 4

IDL

Answer 4

Apo E

Apo B100

Question 5

LDL

Answer 5

Apo B100

Question 6

HDL

Answer 6

Apo A1

Question 7

Pre-albumin region (SPEP)

Answer 7

retinol-binding protein

transthyretin

* normally pre-alb band is observed in CSF only; prealbumin is visible in very high resolution gels

Question 8

albumin region (SPEP)

Answer 8

albumin

(2 peaks could be bisalbuminemia)

Question 9

alpha-1 region (SPEP)

Answer 9

Alpha 1 antitryptase

HDL

TBG

CBG

Orosomuco protein alpha-1-acid G)

Question 10

alpha-2 region (SPEP)

Answer 10

alpha-2 macroglobulin

haptoglobin

ceruloplasmin

prothrombin (plasma)

Question 11

beta region (SPEP)

Answer 11

transferrin

hemopexin

LDL

C3

IgA

Fibrinogen (plasma)

Question 12

Gamma region (SPEP)

Answer 12

IgM

IgG

CRP

(+/- some IgA - IgA can be anywhere from the anodal region of the gamma region up to the beta region)

Question 13

Candida species that does NOT produce hyphae or pseudohyphae

Answer 13

C. glabrata

(DDx: cryptococcus)

Question 14

Good prognostic features of pre-B-ALL in kids

Answer 14

Hyperdiploidy (51-65; DI 1.16-1.6)

t(12;21) - TEL-AML1

Question 15

Poor prognostic features in pre-B-ALL in kids

Answer 15

t(9;22) BCR-ABL

t(4;11) - MLL-AF4

t(1;19) E2A-PBX

Hypodiploidy

Question 16

DNA index

Answer 16

ratio of amt of DNA in G0/G1 phase of tumor cell divided by amt of DNA in a normal diploid cell

Question 17

coefficient of variation

Answer 17

ratio between the standard deviation of the mode expressed as a percentage

Question 18

Ham test

Answer 18

PNH red cells are unusually susceptible to lysis by complement. The Ham (acidified serum) and sucrose hemolysis test can demonstrate this lysis in vitro. A positive acidified-serum test (performed with attention to proper controls) defines the PNH condition. A positive test is necessary for the diagnosis. In PNH 10% to 50% lysis (measured as liberated hemoglobin) is usually obtained but lysis may be as great as 80% or as little as 5%.
Two populations of cells exist in patients with PNH. One is markedly sensitive to complement lysis, the other is only minimally susceptible to lysis. The young PNH cells (reticulocyte rich) are more susceptible to lysis than the older red cells. PNH RBCs will undergo lysis in acidified normal serum and in the patient’s acidified serum.

The only other disorder which may give a positive Ham test is one of the congenital dyserythropoietic anemias. In CDA type II (HEMPAS - hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity with positive acidified serum test) the red cells undergo lysis in only a proportion (approximately 30%) of normal sera and these RBCs do not undergo lysis in the patient’s own acidified serum. The sucrose lysis test is negative in cases of HEMPAS.

Another type of cell that may lyse in inactivated serum is the spherocyte. Spherocytes may lyse in acidified serum possibly due to the lowered pH.