Cozby

Question 1

what is baseline?

Answer 1

In a single case design, the subject’s behavior before the introduction of the experimental manipulation.

Question 2

Control series design

Answer 2

In the interrupted time series quasi-experimental design, when there is a comparison or control group.

Question 3

History effect

Answer 3

As a threat to internal validity, any outside event that is not a part of the manipulation that could be responsible for the results.

Question 4

Instrument decay

Answer 4

As a threat to internal validity:
The possibility that a change in the characteristics of the measurement instrument is responsible for the results.

Question 5

Interrupted time series design

Answer 5

A design in which effectiveness of treatment is determines by examining a series of measurements made over an extended time period both before and after the treatment is introduced. The treatment is not introduced at a random point in time.

Question 6

Maturation effect

Answer 6

A threat to internal validity:
The possibility that any naturally occurring change within the individual is responsible for the results.

Question 7

multiple baseline design

Answer 7

Observing behavior before and after manipulation under multiple circumstance (across different individuals, behaviors, and settings)

Question 8

nonequivalent control group design

Answer 8

A quasi experimental design in which nonequivalent groups of subjects participate in the different experimental groups, there is no pretest.

Question 9

nonequivalent control group design with a pretest

Answer 9

nonequivalent groups are used in this quasi experimental design, but a pretest allows assessment of equivalency and pretest-posttest changes.

Question 10

One group posttest-only desgin

Answer 10

A quasi-experimental design that has no control group and no pretest compararson ( apoor design in terms of internal vlaidity).

Question 11

One group pretest-posttest design

Answer 11

A quasi experimental design in which the effect of an independent variable is inferred from the pretest-posttest difference in a single group.

Question 12

proram evaluation

Answer 12

when research is designed to evaluate programs (eg; social reforms, innovaions) and they are trying to produce a change or outcome in a target population.

Question 13

Quasi-experimental design

Answer 13

A typerof design that approximates the control features of true experiments to infer that a given treatment did have its intended effect.

Question 15

what are the different quasi-experimental designs:

Answer 15

• nonequivalent control group design
• nonequivalent control group design with pretest
• one group posttest-only design
• one group pretest-postest design

Question 16

Reversal Design

Answer 16

A single case design in which the reatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn durning a second baseline period, then adding a second treatment (ABABAB) type.

Question 17

selection differences

Answer 17

differences in the type of of subjects who make up each group in an experimental design, this situation occurs when participants elect which group they are assigned to.

Question 18

single case exeriment

Answer 18

independent variable is assessed with only one participant

Question 19

Regression toward the mean

Answer 19

(or statistical regression) and its the principle that extreame scores on a variable ten to be closer to the mean when a second measurement is made.

Question 20

Testing effect

Answer 20

A threat to internal validity in whitch taking a pretest changes behavior without any effect on the independent variable

Question 21

Bar graph

Answer 21

bars depict frequences of reponses, percetages, or means in two or more groups.

Question 22

central tendency

Answer 22

a single number or value that describes the typical or central score among a set of scores. (finding the mean, median, and mode)

Question 23

Correlation coefficient

Answer 23

An index of how strongly two variables are related to each other.

Question 24

Descriptive statistics

Answer 24

Satistical measures that describe the results of a study; descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency, variability (eg; standard deviation, and correlation (ex; r)

Question 25

what discribes variablility

Answer 25

standard deviation

Question 26

effect size

Answer 26

the extent to which tow variables are associated. In experimental research, the magnitude of the independent variable’s impact on the dependent variable.

Question 27

frequency distribution

Answer 27

an arrangement of set of scores from lowest to highest that indactes the number of times each score was obtained

Question 28

frequency polygo

Answer 28

A graphic display of a frequency istribution in which the frequency of each score is plotted on the vertical axis, with the plotted pints connected by straight lines.

Question 29

Interval scale

Answer 29

A scale of measurement in which the intervals between numbers on the scale are all equal in size.

Question 30

Mean

Answer 30

A measure of central tendency obtained by summing scores and then dividing the sum by the number of scores.

Question 31

median

Answer 31

the middle of organized scores

Question 32

mode

Answer 32

most frequent score in a distribution of scores

Question 33

multiple correlation

Answer 33

a correlation between one variable and a combined set of predictor variables.

Question 34

nominal scale

Answer 34

a sccale of measurement with two or more categories that have no numerical properities (no less than or greater than)

Question 35

ordinal scale

Answer 35

the measurement categories are a rank order along a continuum.

Question 36

partical correlation

Answer 36

the correlation between two varibale with the influence of a third variable statistically controlled for.

Question 37

path anaylsis

Answer 37

a method used to develop models of possible relationships among a set of variables that were studied with the nonexerimental method.

Question 38

pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

Answer 38

A type of correlation coefficient used with interval and ratio scale data. Provinding the strength of realtionship between two variables.