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infectious disease > Covid & Polio > Flashcards

Covid & Polio Flashcards

1
Q

large family of viruses commonly found in humans and other species of animals (bats, camels, cattle, cats, white tailed deer, and hamsters)

A

coronaviruses

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2
Q

what is SARS-CoV-2

A

COVID-19

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3
Q

all coronaviruses likely originated in what animal

A

bats

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4
Q

MC transmission for covid

A

respiratory droplets

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5
Q

covid infection highest in what populations

A

young and middle aged adults

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6
Q

covid-19 mortality rates higher in what age group and why

A

> 50
lower levels of concomitant antibodies to benign cold-causing coronaviruses

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6
Q

predicts risk of critical illness in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
uses x-ray abnormality, age, hemoptysis, dyspnea, unconsciousness, number of comorbidities, etc

A

COVID GRAM critical illness risk score

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7
Q

predicts the 24 hour risk of critical respiratory disease after hospital admission
uses respiratory rate, pulse ox, and oxygen flow rate

A

quick covid-19 severity index

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8
Q

what do you see on CBC for covid

A

lymphopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia

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9
Q

what do you see on LFT for covid

A

elevated AST and ALT

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10
Q

acute phase reactants (markers) for covid

A

CRP and D-Dimer

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11
Q

covid markers of increased mortality

A

increased serum troponin
IL-6
LFTs
serum Cr and CK
ferritin
procalcitonin

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12
Q

3 common tests used for diagnostic test of covid

A
  • molecular (PCR)
  • rapid antigen detection
  • antibody (serologic) (IgG and IgM)
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13
Q

imaging for covid

A
  • chest x ray
  • chest CT
  • Lung ultrasound
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14
Q

covid psychiatric complications

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • substance use disorder
  • PTSD
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14
Q

an individual <21 presents with fever, lab evidence of inflammation, and evidence of clinically severe illness requiring hospitalization, with multi system (>2) organ involvement
AND
no alternative plausible diagnoses
AND
positive for recent SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure within 4 weeks prior to onset of symptoms

A

multisystem inflammatory syndrome
MIS-C (children)

15
Q

individuals who have any of the various signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and do not need supplemental oxygen who have an oxygen saturation >94% on room air

A

mild to moderate illness

16
Q

individuals who have SpO2 <94% on room air or needing supplemental oxygen

A

severe illness

17
Q

individuals who have respiratory failure subcategorized as:
- needing high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation
- needing mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

A

critical illness

18
Q

risk factors for severe covid-19 that needs hospitalization

A
  • age >50 years
    -unvaccinated or not up to date on covid vaccine
  • specific/multiple medical conditions
  • immunocompromised
19
Q

when should covid treatment be started

A

asap and within 5-7 days of symptom onset

20
Q

covid treatment

A

Paxlovid (adults and children 12 and older and at least 40kg)
remdesivir (adults and children 28 days and older and at least 3kg)
molnupiravir (adults)

21
Q

nirmatrelvir/ritonavir

A

paxlovid (viral protease inhibitor)

22
Q

regulations for paxlovid

A
  • mild to moderate covid-19
    -12 or older
    -at least 40 kg
  • high risk for progression to severe covid-19
23
Q

approved by the FDA for the treatment of covid patients requiring hospitalization and supplemental oxygen (but not mechanical ventilation)

A

remdesivir (veklury)
RNA polymerase inhibitors

24
Q

treatment of patients with severe disease (those who require supplemental oxygen and those who are mechanically ventilated or need ECMO)

A

dexamethasone

25
Q
  • an enterovirus that is highly contagious through the fecal oral route, especially during the first week of infection
  • most often in children < 15 (esp infants and young children)
  • still occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, syria, Africa
A

polio

26
Q

signs and symptoms of polio

A

at least 95% are asymptomatic
if symptomatic:
- abortive poliomyelitis
- non paralytic poliomyelitis
- paralytic poliomyelitis

27
Q

constellation of symptoms that affect polio survivors and is not infectious

A

post- poliomyelitis syndrome

28
Q
  • nonspecific symptoms
  • fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and sore throat lasting 2-3
A

abortive poliomyelitis

29
Q
  • fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and sore throat lasting 2-3
    AND
  • signs of meningeal irritation and muscle spasm occur in the absence of frank paralysis
A

non paralytic poliomyelitis

30
Q
  • flaccid asymmetric paralysis affecting mostly the proximal muscles of the lower extremities
  • febrile period is present over 2-3 days
  • sensory loss is very rare
  • two forms (which may coexist): spinal poliomyelitis and bulbar poliomyelitis
A

paralytic poliomyelitis

31
Q
  • the syndrome presents with signs of chronic and new denervation
  • most frequent symptoms are progressive muscle limb paresis with muscle atrophy, with fasciculations and fibrillation during rest activity
  • restless leg syndrome
A

post poliomyelitis syndrome

32
Q

how to test for polio

A
  • throat washings (early)
  • stools (early and late
  • PCR of washings, stool, or CSF and also facilitate diagnosis
33
Q

polio CSF findings

A
  • normal or slightly increased pressure and protein
  • glucose not decreased
  • WBC count usually <500/mcL and are principally lymphocytes after the first 24 hours
34
Q

polio treatment

A

Acute phase:
- hospitalize
- respiratory weakness or paralysis –> ICU

  • pocapavir (capsid inhibitor antiviral agent)
35
Q

polio prevention

A
  • part of routine childhood immunization
  • IPV vaccine
36
Q

what ages should children get the 4 IPV doses

A

2 months
4 months
6-18 months
4-6 years

37
Q

what to do for someone who has never been vaccinated against polio

A

3 doses of IPV
- first dose any time
- second dose 1-2 months later
- third dose 6-12 months after second

infectious disease (12 decks)

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