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GCSE History > Covered Material for Mocks > Flashcards

Covered Material for Mocks Flashcards

1
Q

Persecution of Jews

A
  • 1935 Nuremberg Laws (Jews no longer citizens, could not marry Germans)
  • November 1938 Kristallnacht
  • 1941 “Final solution”
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2
Q

Gestapo

A
  • 1933 Goerring set up
  • Huge numbers of spies among regular people
  • Had the power to search houses and arrest with no reason
  • 1942, 30,000 officers
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3
Q

Concentration camps

A
  • 200,000 imprisoned for opposition
  • The Law on Malicious Gossip made it illegal to tell even jokes about Hitler.
  • Run by Deaths Head section of SS
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4
Q

SS under Himmler

A
  • Himmler appointed leader 1929
  • 240,000 members in 1939
  • Members personally vetted by Himmler as “Aryan”
  • Most ruthless and loyal Nazis
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5
Q

Arts/Music

Censorship

A
  • All artists had to join Reich Chamber of Commerce
  • Jazz was banned for being “black”
  • Art had to feature Aryans
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5
Q

Literature

Censorship

A
  • Ministry of propaganda made a list of banned books
  • Gestapo would search for and burn any non-Nazi literature
  • Millions of books by Jewish or Communist authors were burned
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6
Q

Women in 1850

A

Women could not be doctors, women could be nurses
* Doctors had to go to Uni (closed to women)
* Doctors had to belong to a college (all closed to women)

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7
Q

Florence Nightingale

Improvements at Scitari

A
  • Arrived November 1854
  • Spring 1855 death rate had fallen from 60% to 2.2%
  • Deaths pealed in January 1855 with 3,168 that month
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8
Q

Florence Nightingale

Improvements in England

A
  • 1859 Wrote 2 books called “Advice on Nursing”
  • 1860 Established ‘Nightingalge training school for nurses’:
    1. Nurses should have practical training
    2. Nurses should live in a moral, disciplined home
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9
Q

Elizabeth Garret

Path to Doctorate

A
  • Attended classes for men before being banned from Middlesex
  • Joined society for Apothecaries in 1865
  • Went to Paris University to gain Medical degree
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10
Q

Elizabeth Garret

New Hospital for Women

A
  • Founded 1872 by Garret
  • Staffed entirely by women
  • 1873 Garret joined BMA, was the last woman for 19 years as they voted against further women being allowed
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11
Q

1876 Medical act

A

Allowed women to enter medicine, numbers remained low anyway

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12
Q

WW1

QAIMNS

A
  • Founded in 1902 during boer war
  • 300 women in 1914
  • 10,000 members by 1918
  • 200 died in WW1
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13
Q

WW1

FANY

A
  • Launched in 1907
  • Specialists in First Aid
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14
Q

WW1

Women Doctors

A
  • Women were not permitted at the front
  • Dr Louisa Garret and Dr Murray led an all womens war hospital in London
  • Lack of staff at home meant more women qualified, 610 by 1911 and 1500 by 1921
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15
Q

WW2

QAIMNS and FANY

A

QAIMNS:
* Given military ranks
* Served in a range of Countries in high danger
FANY:
* Attached to the 24,000 poles that escaped Poland
* Served as radio operators

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16
Q

WW2

Women Doctors

A
  • Less impactful than WW1
  • Femal medical students 2000 in 1939 to 2900 in 1946
  • Women worked closer to battle than in WW1
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17
Q

Reichstag Fire

A
  • 27th February 1933
  • Marianus Van der Lubbe charged
  • 4,000 communists arrested
  • Communists lost 19 seats
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18
Q

March 1933 Election

A
  • Recruited 50,000 SA members
  • Violence led to 70 deaths
  • Threats at polling stations to encourage correct voting
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19
Q

Enabling Act

A
  • Passed 444 votes to 94
  • Applied for 4 years but renewed in 1937
  • Hitler could pass laws without the Reichstag
  • Reichstag only met 12 more times till 1945
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20
Q

Threat of Rohm

A
  • SA had 2 million members
  • Rohm had more socialist views
  • SA wanted to replace the army
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21
Q

Night of the long knives

A
  • 29th June 1934 SS killed SA leaders
  • 90 SA leaders killed
  • SS became more powerful, SA less powerful
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22
Q

Hitler as Fuhrer

A
  • Hindenbrug died, Hitler combined Chancellor and President
  • 2nd August 1934 Army swore oath specifically to Hitler
  • Named himself Fuhrer, supreme leader
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23
Q

Nazi Leadership Schools

A
  • NAPOLAs - Boys aged 10-18 educated in leaderhsip, 39 schools in 1939
  • Adolf Hitler Schools - Elite schools for 12-18 year olds for military leadership
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24
Q

Nazi Youth Movements

A
  • 1936 all eligible youth must be in the Hitler youth
  • 8 million members by 1939
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25
Q

Nazi policies on women

A
  • Kinder,Kirche,Kuche
  • From 1933 loans available to married couples
  • Large focus on women being homemakers and mothers
  • Contraception and abortion banned
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26
Q

Nazis and Catholic Church

A
  • Concordat - 1933, no cross involvement between church and state, church allowed to run youth groups and schools
  • Breaking - Hitler removed catholic newspapers and images, prompting a rebuke by the pope in 1937
  • Nazis responded with a huge crackdown on the church
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27
Q

Nazis and protestant church

A
  • Nazis created ReichChurch in 1933
  • Confessional church made in 1934 to rival Nazi churches but quickly shut down
  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer hung 1945
  • By 1939 only 5% of Germans believed in God
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28
Q

Economic plans

A

New plan - Reduce imports and increase exports, spent 1 billion marks on public schemes
Four Year Plan - From 1936, aimed to make Germany self sufficient in raw resources, 1939 Germany still imported 1/3

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29
Q

Invisible unemployment

A
  • Nazis manipulated figures to make it seem employment reduced
  • Women were not included
  • Jews not included
  • National Labour Service organised work for unemployed men and they were no longer counted as unemployed
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30
Q

Effects of Nazi economic policy

A
  • Unemployment down and industry up
  • People were not better off
  • pre 1936 economy focused on increasing employment
  • Four Year plan aimed to prepare for war
  • Germany had to start rationing immediatetly in Sep 1939
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31
Q

Groups effects by Nazi economic policy

A
  • Big bussiness benefitted most
  • profits went from 1.3 Bil in 1928 to 5 Bil in 1939
  • Middle classes, workers and Farmers saw little improvement
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32
Q

Propaganda Key messages

A
  1. The supremacy of the Aryan race and the inferiority of the Jews and other races
  2. The tremendous work being done by the Nazis to deal with the evils of Communism
  3. The different roles of men and women in society and the importance of family
  4. The fact that all citizens had a duty to suffer for the good of the nations
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33
Q

Radio

Propaganda

A
  • Goebbels “spiritual weapon of the totalitarian state”
  • 1939, 70% of Germans had a Radio
  • Programmes would inclue Hitlers speeches, Nazi history and German music
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34
Q

1936 Olympics

Propaganda

A
  • Germany won the most medals
  • Huge stadium to hold 100,000
  • Showed Germany and Aryans as a strong people
  • However, Jesse Owens a black American won 4 gold medals
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35
Q

Abdication of Kaiser

A
  • 9th November 1918
  • Prince Max of Baden announced the abdication
  • 11th November armisitice signed
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36
Q

Reasons for abdication

A

Revolution from above - Ludendorff conviced the Kaiser to hand pver power to a government
Revolution from below - Various Mutinies and unions made it seem a revolution was likely unless Kaiser abdicated

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37
Q

Stab in the back

A
  • Idea that Germany was winning the war and was betrayed by weak Weimar politicians
  • Dolchstoss
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38
Q

Weimar Government features

A
  • 19th Januay 1919 election 82% voted
  • Freedom of speech, religion and equality
  • Head of Government was president, elected every 7 years
  • Split into 18 states each with individual power
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39
Q

Weimar Strengths

A
  • Democracy
  • Proportional representation
  • Strong president
  • Chancellors appointment democratic
  • Federal system
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40
Q

Weimar Weaknesses

A
  • Democracy was different and unpopular
  • Very hard to get a majority
  • Article 48 was open to abuse, overided Germans rights
  • Federal states could rebel against central government
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41
Q

ToV Blame

A

Clause 231 said the war was exclusively Germanies Fault

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42
Q

ToV Reperations

A

Germany had to pay £6.6 billion to Allies

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43
Q

ToV Army

A
  • Limited to 100,000 soldiers
  • No conscription
  • No tanks, air force or submarines
  • Six battleships only
  • Demilitarised the Rhineland
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44
Q

ToV Territory

A

Germany lost land in East Europe (polish corridor, estonia)
Lost all of its colonies

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45
Q

ToV Overrall stats

A

Germany lost:
* 13% of its land
* 12.5% of its population
* 50% of iron and steel industry

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46
Q

Sparticist uprising

A
  • 5th January 1919
  • Communist groups
  • Government were too weak to handle it
  • Created the Freikorps to handle the Spartcists
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47
Q

Kapp Putsch

A
  • March 1920
  • Freikorp led by Kapp marched on Berlin to overthrow government
  • Army refused to help government
  • Left wing organised a strike that crippled the Putsch
  • Weimar once again too weak
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48
Q

French Occupation of Ruhr

A
  • Germany paid £50 Million in 1922 but could not pay more
  • French occupied Ruhr to take the wealth themselves
  • German workers strike
  • Government prints money to pay striking workers
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49
Q

Hyperinflation

A
  • 1919-1923 German income was 1/4 of what it needed to be
  • Middle classes, savers, poor, pensioners hit hard
  • Farmers, debters, bussinessmen did well
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50
Q

Changes 1920-1922

A
  • Aims reorganised and published in 25 points
  • Htiler ousted Drexler and became leader in 1921
  • Owned their own Newspaper
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51
Q

Munich Putsch Causes

A
  • Anger at Weimar for ToV, civil unrest
  • Bavaria hostile to Weimar Government
  • Nazi strength (20,000 supporters)
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52
Q

Munich Putsch Events

A
  • 8-9th November 1923
  • Took control of Beerhall and attempted to convert Bavarian leaders to their cause
  • Bavarian leaders escaped
  • Nazis marched on Berlin and defeated by police and Bavarian soldiers
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53
Q

Munich Putsch Effects

A
  • Hitler used trial for publicity
  • Sentenced to 5 years, served 9 months
  • Hitler wrote “Mein Kampff” in captivity
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54
Q

Re-org of Nazi party

A
  • Nazi Party relaunched in 1925
  • New divisions for different sections in Germany
  • SA restructured, SS established
  • Goebells increased propaganda
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55
Q

Bruning as Chancellor

A
  • Bruning had to use Article 48 to pass measures
  • Tried to ban the SA/SS and gained more enemies in the right
  • Known as the “Hunger Chancellor”
  • Sacked in May 1932 due to lack of support
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56
Q

Von Papen as Chancellor

A
  • Von Papen replaced Bruning
  • Consistently beat by Nazis but Hindenbrug denied Hitler being chancellor
  • Sacked in December 1932
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57
Q

Hitler as Chancellor

A
  • 30th Januray 1933
  • Von Papen told Hindenburg he could control Hitler
  • Von Papen was desperate for power
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58
Q

Wall Street Crash

A
  • October 1929 share prices in NY fell rapidly
  • Between 1929 and 1932 industry in America reduced 45%
59
Q

Great Depression effect on Germany

A
  • Impact on Banking - American loans stopped which led to a financial crisis
  • Impact on industry - Americans no longer purchased German goods, 1932 industry was 58% of 1928
  • Impact on unemployment - 1929 1.5 million unemployed, 1933 6 million unemployed
60
Q

Surgery in 1850

A

3 main issues:
* Pain - all surgery very painful and had to be very fast
* Blood - large numbers of patients died from blood loss
* Infection - No knowledge of sterlisation or germs

61
Q

Anaesthetics

Use of Ether

A
  • Ether used in 1847 by Robert Liston
  • John Snow later used it
    Limitations - High Flammable, irritated lungs, unknown length of effects
62
Q

Anaesthetics

Chloroform

A
  • 1847 James Simpson discovered
  • 1848 John Snow invents Chloroform inhaler
  • 1853 John Snow used on Queen Victoria
    Limitations - Christian opposition, untested
    Longer surgeries meant more blood loss and infection
63
Q

Anaesthetics

Other Anaesthetics

A
  • 1884 Cocaine (addictive)
  • 1898 Heroine (addictive)
  • 1905 Novocaine (less addictive)
64
Q

Antiseptic

Semmelweis hand washing

A
  1. Semmelweis encouraged doctors to wash hands after handling corpses before delivering babies. Decreased infection in child birth. Semmelweis seen as crazy and later incarcirated.
65
Q

Antiseptic

Carbolic Acid

A
  • First used 1860s, Lister
  • Added onto surgical wounds
  • Noticed more survival in compound fractures and other air-exposed injuries
  • 1866-70 Listers death rate fell from 45% to 15%
66
Q

Limitations to Antiseptic

A
  • Methods were not reproduced correctly, so thought to be false
  • Opposition to Germ theory
  • Carbolic Acid irritated surgeons skin and was expensive
67
Q

Antiseptic

Aseptic surgery

A
  • 1878 Koch Steam Steriliser
  • By 1887 all instruments had to be sterilised before use
  • Ensured no germs ever entered the surgery
68
Q

Bloodloss

Lister and Catgut

A
  • 1881
  • Lister discovered Catgut ligatures
  • These prevented blood loss but later dissolved in the body
  • Could be soaked in Carbolic Acid
69
Q

Blood loss

Blood Groups

A
  • 1901
  • Landsteiner discovers blood groups
  • Makes it possible to give succesful blood transfusions
70
Q

WW1

Blood

A
  • 1915 (Sodium citrate) 1916 (Glucose citrate) discovered that anticoagulant meant blood could be stored
  • First non-direct transfusion in 1914 (Dr Robertson)
  • First blood bank on Western front in 1917
71
Q

WW1

X-rays

A
  • X-rays discovered 1895 by Rontgen
  • Marie Curie payed for mobile X ray machines with her own money
  • More machines in Field Hospitals
  • Limitations, could not detect clothing in wounds and required patients to be still
72
Q

WW1

Infection

A
  • A-septic conditions were impossible
  • Cut away infection and bathe in saline was preffered method
  • This was the Carrel-Dakin method
  • Injuries often still led to amputation
73
Q

WW1

Thomas Splint

A
  • Held femur fractures open to prevent compounding of break
  • 1914 80% of femur fractures died, 1916 80% survived
74
Q

WW1

Skin Grafts

A
  • Shrapnel lead to terrible face injuries
  • Harold Gillies assigned to solve issue of facial injuries
  • Specific hospital in Sidcup, treated 2,000 patients after the Somme
  • Facial reconstruction became a key part of rehabilitation
75
Q

1920s to 1940s

Blood transfusions

A
  • Soviet Union set up national blood banks in 1930s
  • Dr Charles Drew discovered blood could be seperated into blood and plasma 1941
76
Q

1920s to 1940s

Plastic surgery

A
  • 1916, Vladmir Filatov developed first Skin Grafts
  • 1920 Gillies and Kilner published Plastic Surgery of the face
77
Q

1920s to 1940s

Burns

A
  • McIndoe made RAF surgeon in 1938
  • McIndoe operated highly experimentally on burned pilots, ‘guinea pig club’
  • Got East Grinstead residents involved with visits to normalise the patients
78
Q

Causes of Civil War

A

Opposition within Russia
* Political opposition such as SRs
* Anger at Brest-Litovsk
* These became the whites
* Wanted a western style government

Opposition abroad
* Allies were angry about Brest-Litovsk
* Worried about communism spreading
* Sent troops to support whites

79
Q

Division among whites

Reasons for red victory

A
  • Made up of several groups on several fronts with no clear goal
  • Each general wanted control personally
  • Mutual mistrust
  • Reds were a tightly unified force
80
Q

Reds controlled central area

Reasons for red victory

A
  • Central area had more railways, population, industry, weapons etc.
  • Red army was 5 million men from central russia
  • Whites never had more than 250,000 together
  • 2.2m rifles from Tsarist stores
81
Q

Trotskys military genuis

Reasons for red victory

A
  • Brilliant organiser
  • Used 50,000 former Tsarist officers
  • Harsh military discipline
  • Used an armoured train for mobile leadership
82
Q

Reasons for War Communism

A
  • Industry was 60% of 1913
  • 40% of industrial areas lost in Brest-Litovsk
  • Ideologically close to perfect communism
  • Peasants only had enough food for themselves, workers in cities were starving
83
Q

Effects on Peasants

War Communism

A
  • Grain requisitioning
  • Peasants refused to grow excess as it was taken (Production was 47% of what it was in 1913)
  • Famine of 1921
  • 5 million died
84
Q

Effects on workers

War Communism

A
  • Black market supplied 70% of food
  • 70% of Petrograds population fled
  • Strikes meant execution
85
Q

Kronstadt Revolt

A
  • Sailors previously called “reddest of the red” turned against Bolshies
  • February 1921 mutiny on Petrpavlovsk which spread to whole naval base
  • 15,000 mutinied
86
Q

Kronstadt Revolt effects

A
  • Put down with 50,000 soldiers
  • Majority of rebels killed or exiled
  • Made Lenin realise War Communism was not working
  • Led to NEP
87
Q

Ideas in 1850

A
  • Miasma
  • Spontaneous Generation
  • 4 humours (blood,yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)
88
Q

Germ Theory

A
  • 1861 Louis Pasteur
  • Employed to find a way to prevent milk spoiling
  • Discovered micro-organisms and that they could be killed by heating
  • Had little short term effect by 1878
  • Disproved spontaneous generation
89
Q

Effects of Pasteur

A
  • Limited short term impact
  • Surgery - 20 years later led to Joseph Listers development of antiseptic technique
  • Public Health - 30 years later vaccines could be made and treatment created due to Germ theory in 40 years
90
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Born Germany 1843
  • Doctor who read Pasteurs work
  • Rivalry between Pasteur and Koch during Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871)
91
Q

Pasteur and vaccinations

A
  • 1879 Chicken Cholera vaccine - confirmed Jennas theory
  • 1881 Anthrax vaccine
  • 1882 Rabies Vaccine - treated a 9 year old boy
92
Q

Koch and Anthrax

A
  • 1872 discovered a method of staining microbes
  • 1876 able to identify specific microbe for Anthrax and published findings
93
Q

Koch and Bacteriology

A

Koch is “Father of bacteriology” as he found methods of staining Microbes
* 1878 Septiceamia
* 1880 growing cultures - Agar jelly
* 1882 TB

94
Q

Sylvarson 606

A
  • 1909, discovered by Paul Ehrlich team
  • Treated Syphillis
95
Q

Marie Curie

A
  1. 1910 - led team on use of radiation for use against cancer
  2. 1911 Nobel Prize, means of measuring radioactivity
  3. Outfitted and drove mobile X-ray machines
96
Q

Prontosil

A
  • Discovered by Gerhard Domagk
  • Tested on humans 1935 (on Domagks daughter near death)
  • Gained renown when used to treat FDRs son
97
Q

Penicillin Discovery

A
  • 1928 Alexander Flemming
  • Accidental discovery
  • First Antibiotic (biological killer of bacteria)
  • Flemming did very little with this
98
Q

Florey and Chain

A
  • Formed research team 1939
  • 1941 tested on humans sucessfully, on a policeman near death
  • Florey and Chain recieved huge amounts of American Goverment Funding
99
Q

Mass Production of Penicillin

A
  1. 1942, US government invest largely in Penicillin
  2. 1944, Penicillin used on mass on D-Day
  3. 1945, US army uses 2 million doses a month
100
Q

Trostky

Background

A
  • Jewish
  • The favourite to suceed Lenin
  • Head of Red Army and orchestrator of October Revolution
  • Became a Bolshevik 1917 (very late)
101
Q

Stalin

Background

A
  • Born in poverty in Georgia
  • Rude and agressive
  • Clever with allies and running government
  • Wanted to focus on socialism in USSR
102
Q

Kamenev

Background

A
  • Active since 1905
  • Major contributor to doctrine
  • Opposed April Theses
  • Wanted to end the NEP
103
Q

Zinoviev

Background

A
  • Active since 1903
  • Good orator but not intellectual
  • Opposed October revolution
  • Wanted to end NEP
  • Highly unpopular
104
Q

Bukharin

A
  • Joined 1906
  • Very popular
  • Lenin called him the “golden boy”
  • Supported the NEP
105
Q

Stalin Strengths

A
  • Had important positions
  • 1922 General Secretary (He could appoint his own supporters as officials)
  • Lenin Enrolment 1923-25 helped him
  • 500,000 workers who were loyal to Stalin for work
106
Q

Stalins wins

A
  • Tricked Trostsky over Lenins funeral
  • Lenins Testament hidden
  • Popular ideas (relatively central)
107
Q

Defeat of Trotsky

A
  • 1924, Zinoviev and Kamenev join Stalin against Trotsky
  • Destroyed Trotskys reputation
  • 1925 Trotsky lost his job as Commissar for War, no longer a threat
108
Q

Defeat of Kamenev and Zinoviev

A
  • 1924 -1926 all three shared power
  • 1927 they both allied with Trotsky for the United Opposition
  • This was rejected and lost them all respect
  • 1927 they were expelled from the party
109
Q

Defeat of Bukharin

A
  • Stalin attacked the NEP and its supporters
  • Began Grain Requisitioning again
  • Ensured Bukharin lost government jobs
  • Bukharin not politically skilled so this was easy
110
Q

Discontent of Peasants (pre 1905)

A
  • 1861 serfs freed but with debt
  • Aristocracy made up 1% but had 25% of land
111
Q

Discontent of National Minorities

A
  • Russification - policy of making non russians act like them
  • 56% of population was not ethnically Russian
112
Q

Failures of Nicholas II

A
  • Not interested in ruling
  • Not intelligent
  • “Nicholas was not fit to run a post office” a cabinet minister
113
Q

Police state (Pre 1905)

A
  • Censorship - no public opposition to Tsar
  • Exile common punishment
  • Okhrana punished revolutionaries
114
Q

Social Democrats

A
  • Founded 1898
  • Split in two in 1903
  • Bolsheviks (Wanted a small, secret party that could take over at the correct time)
  • Mensheviks (Believed in an open party that woukd grow until it could revolt)
115
Q

1905 Revolution
Short Term Triggers

A

Russo Japanese War
* 1904
* Battle of Tsushima (Russian fleet crushed, 5,000 dead)
* Unexpected loss

Bloody Sunday
* January 1905
* 100 protestors killed
* Led by father Gapon
* Led to strikes nationally

116
Q

Potemkin Mutiny

A
  • Mutiny onboard Potemkin in June 1905
  • Sailors killed officers
  • Ship landed in Odessa, where troops killed 2,000 striking workers
  • Failed to spread to the rest of the Black Fleet
117
Q

1905 general rebellions

A
  • Peasant rebellions (destroyed 3,000 manors)
  • Strikes in cities (January 1905, 400,000 workers on strike)
  • National Minorities
118
Q

October Manifesto

A
  • Created the Duma
  • Freedom of speech, assembly and worship
  • Allowed political parties
  • Legalised trade unions
  • However did not improve living conditions
119
Q

Stolypins repression

A
  • Elected PM in 1906
  • 60,000 opponents to regime hung (“Stolypins necktie”)
  • Forced to carry internal passports
  • Increased Okhrana threat
120
Q

Fundamental Laws

A
  • 1906
  • Gave Nicholas huge control over Dumas
  • Could dissolve Dumas
  • Tsar could pass any laws while Duma not in session
  • Tsar could veto any Duma legislation
121
Q

Dumas

A
  • 4 Dumas
  • Non made any substantial progress
  • Dissolved for various reasons when too close to large reform
122
Q

Stolypins Land Reform
Goals

A
  • Attempt to modernise farming and create “Kulak” peasants who owned land
  • Land Bank to help own land
  • End old fashioned methods of strip farming in Russia
123
Q

Stolypins Land Reforms
Success

A
  • 3.5 million peasants moved to Siberia
  • But only 10% left communes by 1914
  • Kulaks were hated
124
Q

Lena Goldfields strike

A
  • 1912
  • Striking Workers in Siberia over being told to eat rotten horse meat
  • Clashed with troops led to 200 deaths
125
Q

‘Sanitary conditions of the Labouring Population’

A
  • Published 1842
  • James Chadwick
  • Highlighted the terrible conditions under which poor people were living
  • Suggested this was limiting economic growth
126
Q

Broad Street Pump

A
  • 1854, John Snow
  • Proved Cholera was a water-borne disease
  • Deaths from an outbreak were centralised around this pump
  • When the handle was removed the deaths stopped
127
Q

Causes of liberal reform

A

Demands of empire
* Men too weak to fight in war
* Boer War highlighted
* some areas up to 69%
Politics
* Rivalry with Conservatives and Labour pushed liberals further left
* Labour 2 seats 1900, 29 by 1906

128
Q

Cause of reform: Demands of Empire

A
  • Britain needed strong army
  • Concern over health of troops
  • In Boer War up to 69% of soldiers unfit to fight
  • Boer war 1899
  • Committee on Physical Deterioration
129
Q

Cause of reform: Politics

A
  • Rise of socialism in Britain
  • Conservatives promies changes
  • 1900 Labour Party formed
  • Labour, 2 seats in 1900, 29 by 1906
  • Threat led to Liberals being even further left leaning
130
Q

2 Liberal Reforms for Children

A
  1. 1908 Children and young people act. illegal to abuse kids, commitees set up to ensure welfare, different childrens prisons, child care regulated (Difficult to enforce, conditions still harsh)
  2. 1912 School clinics, Medical treatment for Children free in schools (Standard of care varied)
131
Q

Liberal Reform for Elderly

A

1908 Old Age Pensions act, Over 70s received 5s a week. Claimed by 650,000 in first year. (raised taxes, rich were in uproar)

132
Q

2 Liberal reforms for Workers

A

National Insurance Act 1911
1. Part 1, sickness benefit of 10s for 13 weeks. 16 million in scheme. (Decreased after 13 weeks off)
2. Part 2, Unemployed workers got 7s 6d a week. 2.5 million workers recieved.(only for 15 weeks)

133
Q

1848 Public Health Act

A
  • Permissive, Board of Health encouraged action but was not mandatory
  • Allowed towns to: establish a Board of Health, employ a medical officer, organise rubbish and sewage removal
  • Disbanded in 1878
134
Q

1848 Public Health Act limitations

A
  • Permissive
  • Terms were temporary, Board of Health ended in 1854
  • Very high cost of improving conditions locally
  • Chadwick was difficult to work with
  • Local tax increases not popular
135
Q

1875 Public Health Act

A

Authorities had to:
* provide clean water
* dispose of sewage
* ensure only safe food was sold

Must search for dangers to public health “nuisances” and take action to fix it.

136
Q

1876 River Pollution Prevention Act

A

Made it illegal for companies to dump waste , including chemicals into rivers

137
Q

1875 Artisan Dwelling Act

A

Gave local governments the power to demolish slum housing.

138
Q

Great Stink

A
  • 1858
  • Heat wave caused excrement in the Thames to dry on shores
  • Caused incredibly bad smell, near parliament
  • Showed that Thames was not a safe waste disposal
139
Q

1858 Sewers act

A
  • Parliament passed an act to build a sewer system
  • Bazalgette assigned to build it
  • £3million assigned
  • Oval shaped sewers made of brick
140
Q

Building of the Sewers

A
  • Most finished by 1865
  • Entirely finished in 1875, for £6.5 million
  • 2000 Km
141
Q

Beveridge report

A

1942 Published Will Beveridge
Sold 600,000 copies
Wanted to address 5 problems:
1. Want
2. Disease
3. Ignorance
4. Squalor
5. Idleness

142
Q

1946 National Health Act

A
  • NHS Bill
  • Doctors would work for the government rather than privately
  • They would be paid a salary rather than per patient
143
Q

Impact of NHS

A

1948-1949:
1. 187 Million prescriptions
2. 5.25 Million glasses
3. 8.5 Million treated at dentists

144
Q

Causes of NHS

A

WW2:
1. Troop quality
2. Emergency Medical Service 1938
3. Evacuations (Country doctors realised poor standard of care in cities) 3.5 million children

Beveridge report:
(See own card)

GCSE History (17 decks)

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