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ScribeAmerica: ER > Course 2: Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Course 2: Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is CAD?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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2
Q

What other past histories would suggest the patient has CAD?

A
  • MI
  • Angina
  • CABG
  • Stent
  • Angioplasty
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3
Q

Does a PMHx of CVA mean the patient has CAD?

A

No

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4
Q

Does a surgical history of angioplasty mean the patient has CAD?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Explain the differences between CAD and an MI

A

CAD=broad term for heart disease

MI=included in CAD; is an active heart attack

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6
Q

If someone has a PMHx of A-Fib or CHF, do they have CAD?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the cardiac risk factors?

A
  • HTN
  • DM
  • HLD
  • CAD
  • Smoking
  • FHx of CAD <55y/o
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8
Q

How is CAD diagnosed?

A

By a cardiologist during a cardiac catheterization (not done in the ED)

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9
Q

Name 2 ways that an MI can be diagnosed?

A

STEMI—> EKG

Non-STEMI—> Troponin

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10
Q

What are some associated symptoms of an MI other than CP?

A
  • N/V
  • SOB
  • Diaphoresis
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11
Q

What are some associated symptoms of CHF?

A

SOB—> orthopnea, PND, DOE

Pedal edema

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12
Q

What 2 studies would diagnose CHF?

A

CXR or elevated BNP

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13
Q

What is A-Fib?

A

EKG

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14
Q

What could be the CC of someone with a PE?

A

Pleuritic CP or SOB

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15
Q

What are risk factors for a PE?

A
  • known DVT
  • PMHx of DVTor PE
  • FHx of DVT or PE
  • recent surgery
  • CA
  • Afib
  • immobility
  • pregnancy
  • birth control pill (BCP)
  • Smoking
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16
Q

What study would diagnose a PE?

A
  • CTA chest/VQ scan

- D-Dimer can only rule it out

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17
Q

What part of the heard does CAD affect: arteries, veins, nerves?

A

Arteries

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18
Q

Can a CT Chest without IV contrast diagnose a PE? Why or Why not?

A

NO

-contrast in the vessels (IV) helps clearly see a blockage

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19
Q

What is PTX?

A

Pneumothorax

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of a PTX?

A

Trauma

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21
Q

How is a PTX diagnosed?

A

CXR

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22
Q

What Social History will most COPD patients also have?

A

Smoking

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23
Q

What is the difference between an inhaler and a nebulizer for asthma?

A

Inhaler—> portable and gives a line time dose and provides a rapid release of medication

Nebulizer—> home machine that delivers continuous treatment over a period of time

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24
Q

What is asthma?

A

Constricting of the airway due to inflammation and muscular contraction of the bronchioles
-Also called reactive airway disease

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25
Q

What physical exam finding is closely associated with asthma?

A

Wheezing

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26
Q

What is PNA?

A

Pneumonia

-usually a bacterial infection (infiltrates) and inflammation inside the lung

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27
Q

What might a person with PNA complain of?

A

Productive talk and fever

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28
Q

How is PNA diagnosed?

A

CXR

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29
Q

Name all 7 areas of the abdomen

A

1) Epigastric
2) RUQ
3) LUQ
4) RLQ
5) LLQ
6) Suprapubic
7) Periumbilical (right/left flank)

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30
Q

What is the layman’s term for GERD?

A

Heartburn or Acid reflux

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31
Q

What might someone with GERD complain of?

A

Epigastric pain “burning”

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32
Q

For older patients with GER symptoms, what life-threatening disease may also need to be ruled out?

A

MI

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33
Q

What dies bile do? Where is bile stored?

A
  • bile emulsifies fats in foods
  • bile is stored in the gallbladder
  • bile is made in the liver
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34
Q

What is the difference between colelithiases and cholecystitis?

A

Cholelithiases=gallstones

Cholecystitis= acute gallbladder inflammation/infection

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35
Q

What might be the chief complaint of a person with gallstones?

A

RUQ abdominal pain

36
Q

What physical exam finding is closely associated with cholecystitis?

A

Murphy’s signs

37
Q

How are gallstones diagnosed?

A

Abdominal ultrasound of RUQ

38
Q

Name associated symptoms of appendicitis

A
  • Fever
  • N/V
  • decreased appetite (anorexia)
  • Note: RLQ pain- gradual, constant, worse with movements is the CC NOT an associated sx
39
Q

How is appendicitis diagnosed?

A

CT A/P with PO contrast

40
Q

What would someone with pancreatitis c/o?

A

LUQ or Epigastric abdominal pain

  • N/V
  • Fever
41
Q

How is pancreatitis diagnosed?

A

Elevated lipase (or amylase which is less specific)

42
Q

Name 4 possible CCs for a GI bleed

A

1) Hematemesis
2) Coffee ground emesis
3) Hematochezia melena

43
Q

How is GI bleed diagnosed in the ED?

A
  • Guaiac positive stool
  • Heme positive stool
  • gastroccult
44
Q

What are we worried about for someone with a GI bleed?

A
  • Too much blood loss
  • Anemia
  • Diverticulosis
45
Q

What will be the CC of someone with diverticulitis?

A

LLQ abdominal pain

46
Q

What studies would diagnose diverticulitis?

A

CT A/P with P.O. contrast

47
Q

What might a person with SBO complain of?

A
  • Abd pain/bloating
  • vomiting
  • abdominal dissension
  • no BMs
  • Constipation
48
Q

How is an SBO diagnosed?

A

CT A/P with P.O. contrast

OR

AAS (Acute Abdominal Series) X-Rays

49
Q

What is a UTI?

A

Urinary tract infection

50
Q

What is pyelo?

A

Pyelonephritis aka kidney infection

-different and worse than a UTI but normally spread from an UTI

51
Q

What will be the CC of someone with a UTI?

A 
Painful urination (dysuria)
frequency, burning, hesitancy, malodorous urine
52
Q

Where would a patient have pain if they had pyelo?

A

Flank pain, fever, dysuria

53
Q

How is a UTI diagnosed?

A

Urine dip or urinalysis (UA) showing white blood cells, bacteria and nitrites

54
Q

What might a person with kidney stones c/o?

A

Flank pain, sudden onset radiating to groin

55
Q

How are kidney stones diagnosed?

A

CT A/P or RBC in UA

56
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Tubal pregnancy when a fertilized egg develops outside the uterus (normally in the Fallopian tube)
-High risk for rupture and death

57
Q

How is an ectopic pregnancy diagnosed?

A

US of the pelvis

58
Q

What is ovarian torsion?

A

twisting of the ovarian artery which reduces the blood flow tot he ovary
-could result in Infarct to the ovary

59
Q

How is ovarian torsion diagnosed?

A

US pelvis

60
Q

Name the 2 types of CVAs

A

1) Hemorrhagic

2) Ischemic

61
Q

What sx might a person with a brain bleed c/o?

A

HA—> sudden onset (thunderclap; worst headache of life)

  • Changes in speech, vision and motor (weakness) sensation (numbness)
  • AMS
62
Q

What study would diagnose a brain bleed?

A

CT Head or Lumbar Puncture

63
Q

What sx might a person with an ischemic CVA c/o?

A

-Focal Neurological Deficit: changes in speech, changes in vision, one sided motor (weakness), one-sided sensation changes (numbness)

64
Q

How is an ischemic CVA diagnosed?

A

Clinically, potentially normal CT head

65
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient Ischemic Attack

  • mini stroke
  • temporary loss of blood supply to the brain
66
Q

How does a TIA differ from a CVA?

A

TIA= mini stroke, sx usually resolve in less than an hour

CVA= stroke, sx last longer, and potentially may not go away

67
Q

What is a common cause of seizures in children?

A

Fever

68
Q

What is the name of the state after a seizure?

A

Postictal

69
Q

What are 3 symptoms of meningitis?

A

1) Fever
2) Neck Pain/Stiffness
3) Headache

70
Q

What study would dx meningitis?

A

Lumbar Puncture

71
Q

What are 4 important things to document for syncopal episodes?

A

How they felt before,m during, after and how they currently feel

72
Q

Name 4 important causes of altered mental status

A

1) Hypoglycemia
2) Infection
3) Intoxication
4) Neurological

73
Q

How is AMS different from a focal neuro deficit?

A

AMS=generalized, typically caused by something that can affect whole brain(blood, low BS)

FND= localized (weakness/numbness/speech/vision) to one specific area and corresponds with damage to specific spot in the brain

74
Q

What is a DVT?

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

75
Q

What are the risk factors for a DVT?

A
  • Known DVT
  • PMHx of DVT or PE
  • FHx of DVT or PE
  • recent surgery
  • CA
  • Afib
  • immobility
  • pregnancy
  • BCP
  • smoking
76
Q

What are common signs of a DVT?

A

Extremity pain, swelling (a traumatic)

77
Q

What is an AAA?

A

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

78
Q

What is an aortic dissection?

A

The separation of the muscular wall from the membrane of the artery, putting the patient at risk for aortic rupture and death

79
Q

What are 3 symptoms of cellulitis?

A

1) Redness
2) Swelling
3) Pain
To an area of the skin

80
Q

How is an abscess different from cellulitis?

A

Abscess is cellulitis with fluctuance (pus pocket)

81
Q

What procedure will be performed for every abscess?

A

Incision& Drainage

82
Q

What is the main concern with an allergic reaction?

A
  • Anaphylaxis

- Respiratory Failure

83
Q

What are the ONLY 3 symptoms of a true allergic reaction?

A

1) Rash
2) Itching
3) Swelling
4) SOB due to airway swelling

84
Q

How can DKA be diagnosed?

A

Arterial blood glass showing low pH or Positive Serum Ketones

85
Q

What is the ED Doc’s main responsibility for psychiatric patients?

A

Medical Clearance

86
Q

Name 3 Important things to document for any trauma patient

A
  • LOC
  • Head Injury
  • Neck Pain
  • Back Pain
  • Numbness
  • Weakness

ScribeAmerica: ER (9 decks)

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