Cours 5 : Intellectual Disability Flashcards
Institutions for the girls of KIN/CEP?
Douglas Hospital (Robert’s Recreation Center)
Riviere-des-Prairies Hospital
Special Olympics
CIVA (centre d’intégration a la vie active)
CIUSS
What is the definition and diagnosis of intellectual disability?
Substantial limitation in certain personal capabilities
Is manifested in significantly sub average intellect (tests)
Begins before age 18 (developmental period)
Exists concurrently with related disability in 2 or more of the adaptative skill areas like communications, home living, community use, health and safety, work, self-care, social skills, self-direction and functional academics
Adaptive functioning
What is the mild range of ID and functional level?
IQ range : 50/55 to 70
Can generally learn reading, writing + math skills between 3rd and 6th grade levels
May have jobs and live independently
What is the moderate range of ID and functional level?
IQ range : 35/40 to 50/55
May be able to learn some basic reading + writing
Able to learn functional skills such as safety and self-help.
Require some type of supervision
What is the severe range of ID and functional level?
IQ range : 20/25 to 35/40
Probably not able to read + write, although they may learn self-help skills and routines
Require supervision in their ADLs
What is the profound range of ID and functional level?
IQ range : below 20/25
Require intensive support. May be able to communicate by verbal or other means
May have medical conditions requiring ongoing treatment
What is the incidence of ID?
Mild = 90%
Moderate = 5%
Severe = 3.5%
Profound = 1.5%
ID accounts for what percentage of the Canadian population?
0.5% to 1%. And 190,000 to 380,000 people
What is the number 1 factor?
Malnutrition
Who are the people that are in the range of 20 to 68 IQ?
Individuals with intellectual disability
Who are the people that are in the range of 115 to 145 IQ?
University students, more than that, its people that are gifted
What is the normal range of IQ?
IQ from 68 to 132
What are the causes of intellectual disability?
No clear etiology can be determined for approximately 30 to 40% of individuals with ID despite extensive lab testing. However ID causes can occur during one of these 3 periods : prenatal (from conception to the end for the 27th week of pregnancy), perinatal( from 28th week of pregnancy through 28 days following birth) and postnatal (anytime before the age of 18).
Prenatal - etiology about genes
Chromosomal/genteic disorders (no control over it)
Abnormality of genes inherited from parents (ex : fragile X syndrome : gap or break in the long arm of the X chromosome)
Errors when genes combine (ex : Down syndrome) - failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during fertilization + other disorder of the genes during pregnancy (over exposure to X-rays)
Prenatal - etiology about environment
Alcohol or drugs (10 to 20% of mild ID in developed countries can be traced directly to the mother’s drinking g
Smoking
Malnutrition
Illness of the mother during pregnancy (rubella (major factor before immunizations were developed) and sexually transmitted diseases : HIV/AIDS and syphilis (main maternal infections)
Perinatal etiology for ID?
Abnormal labor or delivery
Prematurity and low birth weight babies
Postnatal etiology for ID?
Childhood diseases (meningitis, encephalitis)
Tis = Inflammation
Accidents (TBI) =
Exposure to lead, mercury, and other environmental toxins, environmental deprivation (malnutrition, disadvantaged areas —≥under-stimulation (child neglect + abuses (baby shaken syndrome)
What’s the correlation between dendrite formation and intellectual disability ?
The dendrites of retarded children had many fewer dendritic spines, and the spines that they did have were usually long and thin. The extent of the spine changes was elle correlated with the degree of mental retardation.
Normal synaptic développement , including maturation of the dendritic spines, depends critically on the environnement during infancy and early childhood. AN impoverished environnement during an early critical period of the development can lead to profound changes in the circuits of the brain. However, there is some good news. Many of the deprivation-induced changes in the brain can be reversed if the intervention occurs early enough (brain plasticity).
What does the dendrite look like from a mentally disabled infant?
Fewer dendrites
Unusually Ling and thin
Correlated with the degree of ID, which means the more abnormal the dendrite are, more the ID will be severe.
Dendrites are able to capture the neurotransmitters
What are the characteristics of ID?
More limited capacities : abstract thinking, concept formation, generalization and problem solving
What are the learning characteristics : implication for exercise for ID?
Learn at a slower rate (easy rules)
Memory and retention : up the number of repetitions
Difficulty generalizing (treadmill, stat.bike
Instructions must be concrete (not just verbal communication
What are the social characteristics of ID?
Able to live independently if IQ is up 50 (under supervision)
What are the physical and motor characteristics of ID?
Up severe mental impairment = more lag (down the IQ = Up motor delays
Up severe mental impairment = Up difficulty with ADLs and self-care —> walk (can be up to 3.2 years behind) and talk later
Physical constraints : shorter, fatter, wide hips
Fitness is a problem area : down strength, endurance, agility, balance, running speed, flexibility and reaction time (vs. Non ID individuals
Body composition - overweight (59% females and 28% males
Lower cardiovascular fitness (vs non mentally retarded individuals
Why did the researchers did a study on the effects of a resistance training program on adults with mental disabilities?
Because the studies shows that resistance training can improve muscular strength and endurance, physical work capacity, and metabolic function and can also decrease the risk of serious injury from a fall or other type of accident. However, none of the research focused on the mental disabled population for that.
