Cours 14 : hypertension Flashcards
What is hypertension?
Cardiovascular problem where the blood exters more volume than normal in the inner walss of the blood vessels.
Damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes because of circulatory problems (due to blood vessel damage)
- Major risk fro death by stroke + heart attack
What are the 2 mechanical causes?
Increase fo stroke volume and peripheral resistance
- decrease in vasodilation of blood vessels
- arterial walls become thickened , inelastic and resistant to blood flow
** one of these 2 is good enough to increase BP
What is the incidence of hypertension?
Linear relation with age
20 to 25% of Canadians suffer from hypertension
1/3 do not know it
Mild + moderate = no symptoms (very often, silent killer)
Severe = blurred vision, severe headaches and confusion
Where does hypertension stand in the risk factor table?
1 for death
How do we measure Blood pressure?
With a sphygmomanometer provides 2 measures of BP
- Optimal BP = 120/80 mmHg
120 = systolic pressure (contraction of the heart)
80 = diastolic pressure (relaxation phase)
How does the B fluctuate during the day?
Bp varies depending on what we do (ADLs)
What are the factors that are causing BP to temporarily rise?
Stress, smoking, exercise, caffeine
Why does Systolic and diastolic pressure rise in Winter and drops in Summer?
Blood vessels constricts in the cold causing the heart to work. harder to push blood through the veins and arteries (less space for the blood to travel)
More weight and less exercise in Winter
What are the causes?
1: primary or essential (no specific medical cause can be found to explain a patient’s condition) = 90% –> believed to be about 50% genetic, 50% environnemal
- FACTORS
- pregnancy
- coarctation of the aorta
- obesity
- smoking
- PI
- High fat diet + increase salt intake
- large amounts of alcohol
- increase stress
What is the correlation with Hypertension and Atherosclerosis?
High BP –> Arteries : walls swell & stretch –>endothelial injury –> attraction of LDL cholesterol and WBC (white blood cells) –> formation of plaque –> atherosclerosis –> major risk for death by stroke and heart attack
What are the recommendations for exercise programming?
Endurance training
mode: large muscle, aerobic
frequency: 3 to 7 days / week
duration: 20-60 minutes
intensity: 50-85% of peak HR
lower intensity 40-70% is very good too
Which of the following is not a risk factor of high BP in children?
a) obesity
b) poor nutrition habit
c) family history of increase BP
d) none of the above (correct answer)
Where does the high BP begins?
130 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic)
What are the effects of aerobic exercise on BP?
There’s a normal BP response to Aerobic Exercise
Systolic : increases by 30-60 might
diastolic = no changes
What is the blood pressure response to exercise?
At rest = from 75 to 125 mmhg
Aerobic Exercise = from 75 to 175 mmhg
2-arm heavy curl = from 150 to 245 mmhg
2-leg press, heavy load = from 176 to 275 mmhg
What are the effects of regular exercise on BP response at rest in participants with hypertension in aerobic training?
decrease in Systolic BP of 5-7 mmHg and in Diastolic BP of 3-5 mmHg
What are the effects of regular exercise on BP response at rest in participants with hypertension in dynamic resistance training?
decrease BP by 2-3 mmHg in both Systolic and Diastolic BP
What are the effects of regular exercise on BP response at rest in participants with hypertension in isometric resistance training?
Potential for the largest decrease in Systolic and Diastolic BPs: However, ↑ risk of medical complications
How much should the reduction in SBP and DBP be to lower stroke risk by 14% and 17% respectively, and the risk of coronary artery disease by 9% and 6%, respectively ?
2%
What are the effects of moderate weight reduction onrushing and exercise blood pressure in overweight subjects?
At rest = decrease in systolic BP
During exercise : decrease in systolic and diastolic BP (but there’s a stronger effect in systolic)
Acoording to the American College Sports Medicine, exercise is contraindicated when what?
The resting BP exceeds : 180/110 mmhg
During exercise : 250/115 mmhg
High intensity isometric exercise and heavy strength training activities involving a Valsalva effect (weight lifting) are contraindicated
Medications (antihypertensive agents) can affect BP during and after exercise
(decrease of the peripheral resistance by vasodilation –> can produce post exercise hypotension (dizziness, feeling faint)
What is the main goal to manage hypertension?
to control BP by the least intrusive means possible. BP should be lowered and maintained below __130/80____ mm Hg (stage 1)
What are the best ways to control hypertension?
- Medications
- Healthy diet:
Focusing on fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, and especially, ↓ the salt in your diet - Exercise
- Management of emotional stress
-Weight control
