Counselling Week 2 (Finish cultural part) Flashcards
Schools of counselling, Cultural considerations
What are the three broad schools of Counselling?
🟪 Psychodynamic
🟦 Behavioural
🟩 Existential/Humanist
🟪 Three components of Psychodynamic school
id, ego, superego
🥳id:
-present at birth
-operates according to pleasure
-designed to maximise pleasure and eliminate tension
-illogical and emotional (with ONLY id present, the organism will perish)
😌ego:
-developed in psyche (at 6 months)
- operates on a reality principle (oriented to the real world)
-logical and rational
-Attempts to meet needs without offending everyone around us (balances id, helps id pursue interests)
-MANAGES CONFLICT between id and superego
😠superego:
-developed at 5 years
-moral principle instilled in us by parents and culture
-moral code (guilt and shame)
🟪 PURPOSE (Psychodynamic)
☂️ Understand and explain INTRAPSYCHIC conflict
☂️ Symptoms will stop when insight is achieved
🟪 COUNSELLING SKILLS (Psychodynamic)
🍇Offer interpretation/insight into (often symbolic) relationship between SYMPTOMS and PSYCHIC PROCESSES e.g. dream interpretation ☁️
🍇 Clear/deliberate imbalance (therapist has skill and knowledge to “cure” client)
🍇 Concepts:
-Transferrence: Move problem onto something else
-Projection: Projecting psychic conflict onto someone else
-Sublimination: “making sublime” (e.g. bought flowers-> questioned if you have done something bad)
🟪 EVIDENCE (Psychodynamic)
☔️Little supportive evidence
☔️Theory isn’t falsifiable (can’t be tested/can’t be proven wrong)-received criticism for this
☔️ Rarely demonstrated to be effective in RCTs (considered one of the highest levels of research)
🟦 HISTORY of Behavioural school
💧 Emerged from DECREASE in psychodynamic with INCREASED interest in explanatory power or learning theory
💧1950s (Skinner, Azrin): Problem behaviours are learned/can be unlearned 📘
^NOT just behaviours: attitudes, beliefs and cognitive responses
e.g. “Cognitive triad” 🔺: depression=negative
thoughts about past, present, and future->challenge
thoughts to think differently)
e.g. “learned helplessness” 🐶: dog in cage with
randomised electrical shocks, initially fights
uncontrolled events, but through time, they give up->
depressed)
💧NO need to “explain”/”understand” behaviour->just need to know HOW it was learned 🖊 and WHO maintains it 🔗
💧 ABC: Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence (approach for Ax)
🟦 PURPOSE (Behavioural)
🔹 Examine CONTINGENCIES (triggers/reinforcers/punishers) that maintain the problem-need detailed/clear explanation of what the problem is
🔹 Practice ALTERNATIVE responses until problem behaviour is replaced
🔹 “Behaviour contracts” (agree to do certain things at certain times e.g. homework)
🔹 e.g. relaxation and phobia
🔹 Skill-based/practice-based
🟦 COUNSELLING SKILLS (Behavioural)
🧙 Establish complex environmental/social/behavioural triggers that MAINTAIN behaviour (behaviour worse or better in certain environments)
🧙 Develop through exercises, role play, rehearsal, cognitive challenge, alternative responses for clients (practice sets of skills in the environment)
🧙ACTION-ORIENTED (than other approaches)
🟪 HISTORY of Psychodynamic school
- > EGO manages conflict between ID 🥳(sexy/crazy) and SUPEREGO 😠(discipline, guilt)
- > EGO must use defence mechanisms to deal with anxiety arising from this conflict
- > IF unsuccessful (id or superego become dominant), psychological disorders can develop=e.g. OCD if superego (guilt/shame) is dominant
🟪 HISTORY of Psychodynamic school
-> Basic conflict=id & superego 🥊 (conflict and resolution model–I feel X because of unresolved issue)
^symptoms are manifestation of psychological
problems (symptoms are NOT the problem itself)
^If we “treat symptoms” without addressing
underlying problem, different symptoms will
emerge (“symptom substitution” e.g. treating
drinking problem will lead to OCD because the
“internal engine” was not addressed)
-> aim of counselling=produce awareness and resolve conflict, “insight therapy” 🔮
-> EGO manages conflict between ID 🥳(sexy/crazy) and SUPEREGO 😠(discipline, guilt)
-> EGO must use defence mechanisms to deal with anxiety arising from this conflict
-> IF unsuccessful (id or superego become dominant), psychological disorders can develop=e.g. OCD if superego (guilt/shame) is dominant
🟩 HISTORY of Existential/Humanist school
✔️Rogers, Maslow (1950s and 60s)
✔️INNATE human drive for “self-actualisation” and “authenticity”
✔️EMPHASIS on human resourcefulness/creativity/self-improvement
✔️Client “knows” what’s wrong and has capacity to achieve wellness (inside yourself, you know what your best self is and how to achieve it-trust client more than clinician)
✔️Needs time and minimal guidance to achieve it
✔️Self-improvement and self-development
^NOT about triggers (behavioural), NOT intrapsychic conflict (psychodynamic)
🟩MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (components and concept)
🍎 1. Physiological (food, water, sleep)
⚖️ 2. Safety (security, property, employment)
💛 3. Love and belonging (friends and family)
🔋 4. Esteem (confidence, respect)
💎 5. Self-actualisation (morality, creativity)
🟩PURPOSE (Existential/Humanist)
🧪 Encourage client to explore own feelings/actions in a supportive, encouraging, non-judgmental environment
🟩COUNSELLING SKILLS (Existential/Humanist)
📗EMPATHY is central skill
📗DOES NOT interpret
📗Minimal feedback or/and comments
(just show that you are listening, minimal encouragers e.g. “go on”, “mhmm”)
^assume client knows their problems better and can work out a more acceptable answer than the counsellor can-> IF counsellor promotes an accepting atmosphere
📗A PASSIVE form of counselling (NO set of exercises/practice activities like behavioural, Non-directive, not told to do anything)
🎀 Hybrid forms of Counselling (TWO)
🧠Mindfulness (combination of behavioural, cognitive and self-awareness)
💪🏽Motivational interviewing (insight techniques and behavioural contracting)
