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Masters Comprehensive Exam > Counseling - theories and techniques > Flashcards

Counseling - theories and techniques Flashcards

1
Q

counseling theory breakdown

A 
psychoanalytic 
- psychoanalysis 
-psychodynamic 
humanistic/experiential 
- existential 
- person centered 
- gestalt 
- alderian 
- EFT 
learning/cognitive
- behavioral 
- CBT 
- cognitive
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2
Q

alderian (founder and goal)

A

Alfred Adler

challenge clients lifestyle and selfish goals toward social interest (be a productive part of society)

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3
Q

alderian (success is…)

A
  • well developed social interest, contributes to society

- positive outlook on life and concern for others welfare

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4
Q

alderian (dysfunction arises…)

A
  • when persons private logic set to view life as negative

- causes lifestyle of only caring for self, no social interest

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5
Q

alderian (techniques)

A
  • gathering life history data
  • family constellations
  • early memories
  • goals
  • value clients subjective experience
  • offer interpretations
  • search for new goals
  • examine birth order
  • superiority/inferiority complex
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6
Q

alderian (strengths)

A
  • influenced other theories and traditions
  • power of individual
  • power of goals
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7
Q

alderian (limitations)

A
  • too simple
  • difficult to measure constructs
  • supported by limited research
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8
Q

person-centered (founder and goal)

A

Carl Rogers

align actual and ideal self through therapeutic relationship - congruence

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9
Q

person-centered (success is…)

A

alignment of actual and ideal self to have congruence

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10
Q

person-centered (beliefs)

A
  • change occurs through therapy with core conditions (empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence)
  • clients role in change is to attend therapy, explore past and actual/ideal self, self actualize, desire to work on problems, co-lead with the counselor
  • humans have innate drive to self actualize
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11
Q

person-centered (dysfunction arises…)

A
  • from incongruence

- caused by hearing and internalizing conditions of worth

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12
Q

person-centered (techniques)

A
  • active listening
  • reflecting
  • being there
  • understanding
  • empathy
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13
Q

person-centered (strengths)

A
  • good core conditions helpful in therapy
  • gives power and autonomy to clients
  • strong empirical support
  • receptive to research
  • good foundation for therapeutic relationship
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14
Q

person-centered (limitations)

A

therapist could be too passive

many clients need more direction, interventions

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15
Q

existential (founder and goals)

A

Yalom and Frankl

client accept death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness, and become authentic

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16
Q

existential (success is…)

A
  • authentic living
  • awareness of own freedom to make choices
  • removal of things that block freedom/personal choice
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17
Q

existential (beliefs)

A
  • humans need to find meaning
  • central problems people face are embedded in anxiety over loneliness, isolation, despair, and death
  • each individual is responsible for making meaning out of life
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18
Q

existential (dysfunction arises…)

A

problems come from not exercise choice or judgment well enough to forge meaning

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19
Q

existential (techniques)

A

none - must be flexible to use techniques when necessary to address givens of existence

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20
Q

existential (strengths)

A
  • flexible
  • could be used with a diverse range of clients all facing same dilemmas of life
  • focus on meaning of life/what it means to be a person
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21
Q

existential (limitations)

A
  • abstract
  • limited specific interventions
  • limited applicability to clients that are less responsive to abstract concepts/in crisis
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22
Q

gestalt (founder and goals)

A

Fritz and Perls

become more aware of moment to moment experiencing and expand clients capacity to make choices

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23
Q

gestalt (success is…)

A
  • authentic self

- attending to needs

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24
Q

gestalt (beliefs)

A
  • clients will increase awareness of needs and behaviors they engage in to meet those needs
  • behavior is governed by unmet needs
  • the whole is better than the sum of parts
  • approach is phenomenological - focuses on clients perceptions of reality
  • existential - grounded in the notion that people are always in the process of becoming, remaking, rediscovering themselves
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25
Q

gestalt (dysfunction arises…)

A
  • when client needs are not met and result in unfinished business
  • this causes both a change in behavior and perception
  • dysfunction viewed as disease
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26
Q

gestalt (techniques)

A
  • incomplete gestalts = unfinished business
  • here and now
  • satisfying needs
  • empty chair technique
  • two chair technique
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27
Q

gestalt (strengths)

A
  • focus on in the moment experience is very active

- focus on non-verbal behavior

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28
Q

gestalt (limitations)

A
  • if focus is only on experience in the moment without cognitive work, they can be left feeling undone/ not integrated in to their whole self
  • requires imagination
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29
Q

eft (founder and goals)

A

Johnson and Greenberg

assist clients to experience emotions as they arise to help them process and understand their emotions

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30
Q

eft (beliefs)

A
  • hope to transform maladaptive reactions to emotion

- change occurs through increasing emotional awareness and enhancing emotion regulation

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31
Q

eft (techniques)

A
  • shift awareness to emotions
  • use exploratory questions
  • cognitively create a new meaning about emotional experiences
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32
Q

eft (strengths)

A
  • lots of research support

- emphasis on emotions

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33
Q

eft (limitations)

A
  • might not work for cultures/individuals that do not favor emotional expression
34
Q

psychoanalysis (founder and goals)

A

Freud

make the unconscious conscious, strengthen the ego

35
Q

psychoanalysis (beliefs)

A
  • people are not inherently trustworthy, motivated by instincts
  • deterministic - behavior determined by instincts, unconscious, early experiences
  • defense mechanisms protect from anxiety
36
Q

psychoanalysis (dysfunction arises…)

A
  • unresolved unconscious conflict from youth
  • unresolved progression through sexual phase
  • oedipal complex
37
Q

psychoanalysis (techniques)

A
  • free association
  • interpretation
  • analysis of resistance
  • dream analysis
  • analysis of transference
38
Q

psychoanalysis (strengths)

A
  • first to construct theory of personality
  • created of practice of psychotherapy
  • importance of childhood/trauma
  • transference
  • countertransference
  • resistance
  • anxiety
  • defense mechanisms
39
Q

psychoanalysis (limitations)

A
  • lengthy training
  • lasts many years
  • costly
  • narrow focus on biology and instincts
  • ignores cultural and social issues
  • not adequate for treating specific daily concerns
40
Q

behavioral (founder and goals)

A

Skinner, Bandura, Watson, Pavlov

eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors

41
Q

behavioral (success is…)

A
  • identify factors that influence behavior and change those factors
42
Q

behavioral (beliefs)

A
  • human behavior is learned

- we are products of producers of our environment

43
Q

behavioral (dysfunction arises…)

A
  • maladaptive behaviors
44
Q

behavioral (techniques)

A
  • progressive muscle relaxation
  • mindfulness
  • reinforcement
  • shaping
  • modeling
  • systematic desensitization
  • social skills training
  • assertiveness skills
  • behavioral rehearsal
45
Q

behavioral (strengths)

A
  • many practice applications

- easy to test

46
Q

behavioral (limitations)

A
  • takes time to modify behavior
  • doesn’t address underlying problems
  • reductionistic
47
Q

cognitive (founder and goals)

A

Beck and Ellis

change faulty thoughts and beliefs

48
Q

cognitive (beliefs)

A
  • man is brighter trustworthy or untrustworthy inherently

- learning is what creates trustworthiness

49
Q

cognitive (dysfunctions arises…)

A
  • faulty thinking
  • failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality
  • automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions
50
Q

cognitive (techniques)

A
  • cognitive restructuring
  • questioning
  • socratic questioning
  • downward arrow
  • thought recording
51
Q

cognitive (strengths)

A
  • continually evaluated, modified, advanced

- outcome research supports with many clients

52
Q

cognitive (limitations)

A
  • too simple and mechanistic
  • testability debated
  • possibly not better than other treatments
53
Q

solution focused (overview)

A

focus on present and future finding solutions

54
Q

solution focused (techniques)

A
  • goal setting
55
Q

solution focused (beliefs)

A
  • clients are competent to make the best choices for themselves
  • if its not broken, don’t fix it
  • do what works, don’t do what doesn’t
  • problem is assumed to NOT be a symptom of the larger problem
56
Q

narrative therapy (overview)

A

views lives as stories with many difference meanings and experiences

57
Q

narrative therapy (techniques)

A
  • name the problem
  • externalize the problem
  • find unique alternatives/ solutions
  • deconstructing - reshaping the story with a different lens/perspective
58
Q

positive psychology (overview)

A

focus on psychological strengths and positive emotions

59
Q

positive psychology (techniques)

A
  • focus on strengths and positive affect rather than problems
  • flow
  • broaden and build
  • emotional intelligence
  • self efficacy
  • gratitude
  • hope
60
Q

positive psychology (beliefs)

A
  • believes in reality negotiations and social construction
61
Q

feminist therapy (overview)

A

effects of stereotypes, biases, institutional discrimination on mental health

62
Q

feminist therapy (techniques)

A
  • egalitarian therapeutic relationship
  • honor womens experiences and ways of knowing
  • all types of oppression are recognized and explored
  • power analysis
63
Q

feminist therapy (beliefs)

A

PERSONAL IS POLITICAL ✊

64
Q

family systems (overview)

A

individual is part of a whole functioning together

65
Q

family systems (techniques)

A
  • focus on communication patterns within families

- identify problematic patterns and practice new ones

66
Q

family systems (beliefs)

A

problematic relationship problems are passed down generations

67
Q

transference

A

redirection to a substitute of emotions that were previously felt in past relationships
e.g. individual interacts with therapist based on relationship with mom

68
Q

countertransference

A

therapists unresolved issues in past relationships that they project on a client
e.g. annoyed with client because they act like your mother

69
Q

resistance

A

anything that works against the process of therapy, serves to protect the client against anxiety and change or painful repressed memories
e.g. client often shows up late

70
Q

interpretation

A

observations that go beyond what a client has overtly states and present a new meaning/reason/explanation for behaviors, thoughts, feelings so clients see problems in a new way
e.g. “i wonder if your reaction is related to something in your past…”

71
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

teaches client how to replace irrational beliefs with rational ones, monitor self-talk, challenge the irrational/problematic thoughts
e.g. identify problematic cognitions, cognitive distortions, rational disputations, develop rational rebuttal

72
Q

attending

A

orienting physically to a client

e.g. turning toward client

73
Q

listening

A

capturing and understanding the messages that clients communicate
e.g. hear and understand what clients are saying

74
Q

non-verbals

A

things that we don’t say but still communicate with our client
e.g. eye contact, facial expressions, head nods, body posture, bodily movements, space, tone of voice, silence

75
Q

minimal verbals

A

things we communicate through our voice but that aren’t exactly words
e.g. minimal encourages, non language sounds, nonword, simple words

76
Q

restatements

A

repeating or paraphrasing of the content or meaning of what a client has said
e.g. summaries, fewer but similar words as clients

77
Q

disclosure of feelings

A

revealing a feeling that counselor has or had (could by hypothetical)
e.g. if i was in that position i imagine feeling…

78
Q

challenges

A

points out maladaptive thoughts, discrepancies, contradictions of which the client is unaware, unwilling, or unable to change
e.g. i hear you saying this, but it looks like you’re feeling that

79
Q

interpretations

A

interventions that go beyond what the client has overtly stated or recognized, presents new meaning, reasoning, or explanation of thoughts feelings, etc.
e.g. im wondering if this is related to your relationship with your mother

80
Q

immediacy

A

inquiring about or disclosing immediate feelings about the client, relationship to the client, therapeutic relationship
e.g. right now i feel tense because you seem angry at me

81
Q

self disclosure

A

telling the client information about yourself

e.g. when i get sad, i cry

82
Q

counselor responses -> negative outcomes

A
  • inappropriate self disclosure
  • lack of rapport before challenging/interpreting
  • advice giving
  • judgments
  • placing values on client
  • multicultural incompetence

Masters Comprehensive Exam (5 decks)

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