Cortex

Question 1

Where is the limbic system located?

Answer 1

Medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere

Question 2

What does the limbic system regulate?

Answer 2

Autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli
Also reinforces behaviour

Question 3

What structures does the limbic system include?

Answer 3

The hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nucleus

Question 4

What is the Fornix?

Answer 4

Major output fiber bundle in the limbic system

Question 5

Describe reticular formation.

Answer 5

Ser of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem and thalamus

Question 6

What descending connections does the RAS have?

Answer 6

spinal cord
Vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers in the medulla

Question 7

What are the inhibiting factors of the RAS

Answer 7

Brain sleep centers
alcohol and drugs

Question 8

What is the non-dominant hemispheres roles?

Answer 8

Interpretation of tone, gestures, and ability to understand the emotional context of speech

Question 9

What are the three principles of memory?

Answer 9

Storage
Processing
Memory traces

Question 10

What are memory traces?

Answer 10

Chemical or structural changes that encode memory

Question 11

How long does short term memory last?

Answer 11

Seconds to hours

Question 12

How many pieces of info can we hold in our short term memory at a time?

Answer 12

7-8

Question 13

What is the capacity of long term memory?

Answer 13

Limitless

Question 14

What factors will affect the transfer of information from STM to LTM?

Answer 14

Emotional state
Rehearsal
Association
Automatic Memory

Question 15

Which areas of the brain are involved in declarative memory?

Answer 15

Hippocampus & amygdala
Thalamus & hypothalamus
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex of the basal forebrain

Question 16

What structures are involved in skill memory?

Answer 16

Basal ganglia/corpus striatum
Portion of brain receiving stimulus
Premotor and motor cortex

Question 17

What are the seven mechanisms of memory?

Answer 17

Dendritic spine shape change
Extracellular proteins deposited at synapses involved in LTM
Neuronal RNA content alteration
Number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase
New hippocampal neurons appear
More neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic neurons

Question 18

Which part of the brain releases acetylcholine used in declarative memory?

Answer 18

Prefrontal cortex and basal forebrain

Question 19

In what stage of sleep are the skeletal muscles actively inhibited? Why?

Answer 19

REM. So we dont act out our dreams

Question 20

In what stage of sleep does relaxation begin and arousal is easy? What waves are present?

Answer 20

NREM I
Alpha waves

Question 21

In what stage of sleep is arousal more difficult and the EEG is irregular showing short high amplitude bursts?

Answer 21

NREM 2

Question 22

In what stage of sleep do vital signs decline and sleep deepens? What waves are present?

Answer 22

NREM 3
Delta and theta

Question 23

What stage of sleep is deep enough for parasomnias to occur and arousal is difficult? What waves are present?

Answer 23

NREM 4
Delta waves

Question 24

Waves that are regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, low, synchronous are best described as:

a) alpha
b) beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

Answer 24

Alpha

Question 25

Waves that are described as rhythmic, more irregular waves occurring during the awake and mentally alert state are best described as: a) alpha b) beta c) Theta d) Delta

Answer 25

Beta

Question 26

Waves that are common in children but abnormal in adults and more irregular than alpha waves are best described as: a) alpha b) beta c) Theta d) Delta

Answer 26

Theta

Question 27

High-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped are: a) alpha b) beta c) Theta d) Delta

Answer 27

Delta

Question 28

What can cause brain waves to change?

Answer 28

Age Sensory stimuli Brain disease Chemical state of body

Question 29

What does a flat EEG mean?

Answer 29

Death

Question 30

What is an EEG?

Answer 30

Electroencephalogram- Measures brain activity

Question 31

What is an EEG used for?

Answer 31

Diagnosis and localization of: brain lesions tumors infections infarcts abscesses epileptic lesion

Question 32

What is the difference between a grand mal and petit mal seizure?

Answer 32

Petit mal- mild, seen in youth, blank expression Grand mal- loss of consciousness, bones may be broken from intense convulsions

Question 33

What are the two major types of sleep?

Answer 33

NREM and REM

Question 34

When does REM sleep occur?

Answer 34

After the fourth NREM stage has been achieved

Question 35

What is a rolandic seizure?

Answer 35

seen in children 6-8 Spread of activation to motor cortex

Question 36

In what stage of REM do vital signs increase? Decrease?

Answer 36

REM NREM 3

Question 37

Which muscles are not inhibited during REM?

Answer 37

Ocular muscles

Question 38

True or false: In REM sleep, the EEG pattern reverts through the NREM stages to the stage 1 pattern?

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

Alternating cycles of sleep and wakefulness reflect...

Answer 39

Natural circadian rhythm

Question 40

What regulates the sleep cycle?

Answer 40

Nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 41

What causes narcolepsy?

Answer 41

Orexin receptor deficits

Question 42

True or false: A normal sleep pattern alternates between REM and NREM sleep?

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What is presumed to be the restorative stage of sleep?

Answer 43

Slow wave

Question 44

True or false: Daily sleeping requirements decline with age?

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 45

The temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

Question 46

What is insomnia?

Answer 46

Chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed

Question 47

What is Narcolepsy?

Answer 47

Lapsing abruptly into sleep from wake state