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ANP 1106 > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere

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2
Q

What does the limbic system regulate?

A

Autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli
Also reinforces behaviour

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3
Q

What structures does the limbic system include?

A

The hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nucleus

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4
Q

What is the Fornix?

A

Major output fiber bundle in the limbic system

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5
Q

Describe reticular formation.

A

Ser of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem and thalamus

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6
Q

What descending connections does the RAS have?

A

spinal cord
Vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers in the medulla

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7
Q

What are the inhibiting factors of the RAS

A

Brain sleep centers
alcohol and drugs

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8
Q

What is the non-dominant hemispheres roles?

A

Interpretation of tone, gestures, and ability to understand the emotional context of speech

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9
Q

What are the three principles of memory?

A

Storage
Processing
Memory traces

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10
Q

What are memory traces?

A

Chemical or structural changes that encode memory

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11
Q

How long does short term memory last?

A

Seconds to hours

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12
Q

How many pieces of info can we hold in our short term memory at a time?

A

7-8

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13
Q

What is the capacity of long term memory?

A

Limitless

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14
Q

What factors will affect the transfer of information from STM to LTM?

A

Emotional state
Rehearsal
Association
Automatic Memory

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15
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus & amygdala
Thalamus & hypothalamus
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex of the basal forebrain

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16
Q

What structures are involved in skill memory?

A

Basal ganglia/corpus striatum
Portion of brain receiving stimulus
Premotor and motor cortex

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17
Q

What are the seven mechanisms of memory?

A

Dendritic spine shape change
Extracellular proteins deposited at synapses involved in LTM
Neuronal RNA content alteration
Number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase
New hippocampal neurons appear
More neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic neurons

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18
Q

Which part of the brain releases acetylcholine used in declarative memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex and basal forebrain

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19
Q

In what stage of sleep are the skeletal muscles actively inhibited? Why?

A

REM. So we dont act out our dreams

20
Q

In what stage of sleep does relaxation begin and arousal is easy? What waves are present?

A

NREM I
Alpha waves

21
Q

In what stage of sleep is arousal more difficult and the EEG is irregular showing short high amplitude bursts?

A

NREM 2

22
Q

In what stage of sleep do vital signs decline and sleep deepens? What waves are present?

A

NREM 3
Delta and theta

23
Q

What stage of sleep is deep enough for parasomnias to occur and arousal is difficult? What waves are present?

A

NREM 4
Delta waves

24
Q

Waves that are regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, low, synchronous are best described as:

a) alpha
b) beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

A

Alpha

25
Q

Waves that are described as rhythmic, more
irregular waves occurring during the awake and
mentally alert state are best described as:

a) alpha
b) beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

A

Beta

26
Q

Waves that are common in children but abnormal in adults and more irregular than alpha waves are best described as:

a) alpha
b) beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

A

Theta

27
Q

High-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped are:

a) alpha
b) beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

A

Delta

28
Q

What can cause brain waves to change?

A

Age
Sensory stimuli
Brain disease
Chemical state of body

29
Q

What does a flat EEG mean?

A

Death

30
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Electroencephalogram- Measures brain activity

31
Q

What is an EEG used for?

A

Diagnosis and localization of:
brain lesions
tumors
infections
infarcts
abscesses
epileptic lesion

32
Q

What is the difference between a grand mal and petit mal seizure?

A

Petit mal- mild, seen in youth, blank expression

Grand mal- loss of consciousness, bones may be broken from intense convulsions

33
Q

What are the two major types of sleep?

A

NREM and REM

34
Q

When does REM sleep occur?

A

After the fourth NREM stage has been achieved

35
Q

What is a rolandic seizure?

A

seen in children 6-8
Spread of activation to motor cortex

36
Q

In what stage of REM do vital signs increase? Decrease?

A

REM
NREM 3

37
Q

Which muscles are not inhibited during REM?

A

Ocular muscles

38
Q

True or false: In REM sleep, the EEG pattern reverts through the NREM stages to the stage 1 pattern?

A

TRUE

39
Q

Alternating cycles of sleep and wakefulness reflect…

A

Natural circadian rhythm

40
Q

What regulates the sleep cycle?

A

Nuclei of the hypothalamus

41
Q

What causes narcolepsy?

A

Orexin receptor deficits

42
Q

True or false: A normal sleep pattern alternates between REM and NREM sleep?

A

True

43
Q

What is presumed to be the restorative stage of sleep?

A

Slow wave

44
Q

True or false: Daily sleeping requirements decline with age?

A

True

45
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

The temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

46
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed

47
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

Lapsing abruptly into sleep from wake state

ANP 1106 (9 decks)

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