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Advancement > Corpsman Manual Ch 6 > Flashcards

Corpsman Manual Ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the body is divided into how many sciences?

A

2

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2
Q

What is the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another?

A

anatomy

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3
Q

What is the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other?

A

physiology

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4
Q

What imaginary plane divides the body into right and left halves on its vertical access?

A

sagittal

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5
Q

What planes are drawn perpendicular to the sagittal lines and divide the body into anterior(front) and posterior (rear) sections?

A

frontal

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6
Q

What plane which is drawn at right angles to both sagittal and frontal planes, divides the body into superior (upper and inferior (lower) sections?

A

Transverse

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7
Q

To aid in understanding the location of anatomical structures, a standard body positions called what is used as the point of reference?

A

Anatomical position

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8
Q

What involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms?

A

digestion

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9
Q

What is the process of absorption, storage, and use of foods for body growth, maintenance and repair?

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

What is the body’s self regulated control of its internal environment?

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

What is the beginning level of the organization of the body?

A

Chemical level

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12
Q

What consist of chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) to perform a specific function?

A

Organelles

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13
Q

What consist of the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?

A

cells

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14
Q

What are a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function?

A

Tissues

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15
Q

What is defined as a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function?

A

Organ

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16
Q

What are the most complex of the organizational units of the body?

A

Systems

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17
Q

There are how many major systems that make up the human body?

A

11

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18
Q

What are a collections of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile environments, with the ability to reproduce and repair damaged parts?

A

Organisms

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19
Q

A typical cell is made up of the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and what else?

A

Cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell?

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Every human cell contains how many chromosomes?

A

46

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22
Q

Tissues are classified into four main groups: epithelial, connective, muscular and what else?

A

Nervous

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23
Q

The lining tissue of the body is called what?

A

Epithelium

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24
Q

What tissue is composed of a single layer of cells whose nuclei are located at the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells?

A

columnar

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25
Q

In the digestive system, the chief function of columnar tissue is the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods, In certain areas (such as the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and trachea), this tissue has a crown of microscopic hair lie processes mown as what?

A

cilia

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26
Q

What tissue is composed of thin plate-like or scale like cells forming a mosaic pattern?

A

Squamous epithelial

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27
Q

What tissue is the main protective of the body?

A

Squamous

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28
Q

In the kidneys, what tissue functions in the secretion and absorption of fluids?

A

cuboidal

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29
Q

What tissue is highly vascular, surrounds other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body?

A

Connective

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30
Q

What tissue consists of a meshwork of thin fibers that interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength?

A

Arreolar

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31
Q

What tissue is fatty tissue?

A

adipose

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32
Q

What type of tissue, known as “bone tissue” is dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones?

A

Osseous connective

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33
Q

What tissue provides for all body movement?

A

muscular

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34
Q

the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and what else?

A

Cardiac

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35
Q

What tissue is the most complex tissue in the body?

A

nerve

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36
Q

The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the what?

A

Neuron

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37
Q

What is the outer skin layer?

A

epidermis

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38
Q

What is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscles and skin appendages?

A

Dermis

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39
Q

the sin contains two type of nerve fibers, motor and what else?

A

sensory?

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40
Q

what are a control mechanism to reduce the body’s heat by evaporating water from its surface?

A

sweat glands

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41
Q

What glands are modify sweat glands found only in the auditory canal?

A

ceruminous

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42
Q

the skeleton, the bony framework of the body, is composed of how many bones?

A

206

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43
Q

what is the study of the structure of bone?

A

osteology

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44
Q

Bone is made up of inorganic mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and an organic substance called what?

A

ossein

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45
Q

the tin outer membrane surrounding the bone is called the what?

A

periosteum

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46
Q

when a bone fractures, the pain that is felt comes from what?

A

periosteum

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47
Q

what is elongated, cylindrical portion (or “shaft”) of the bone that is between the epiphyses (sing.epiphysis) or ends of bone?

A

Diaphysis

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48
Q

the skull consist of how many bones?

A

28

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49
Q

the human skeleton is divided into two main divisions, the axial skeleton and what other skeleton?

A

appendicular

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50
Q

with the exception of the mandible and the bones of the inner ear, all skull bones are joined together firmly along seams. the seams where they join are known as what?

A

sutures

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51
Q

The cranium is formed by how many major bones, most of which are in pairs?

A

eight

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52
Q

what bones form the sides and part of the base of the skull in the area of the ear?

A

temporal

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53
Q

what bone forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium?

A

occipital

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54
Q

what bone is situated in front of the sphenoid bone in the front part of the cranium?

A

ethmoid

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55
Q

what bone is posterior to the ethmoid bone providing for the front base of the cranium and forming the floor as sides of the orbits?

A

sphenoid

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56
Q

the facial skeleton consist of how many stationary bones and a mobile lower jawbone (mandible)?

A

14

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57
Q

what bones form the upper jaw, the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity?

A

maxillary

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58
Q

The small holes on each side of the nasal opening are called what?

A

infraorbital foramina

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59
Q

What bones are resposible for the prominence of the cheeks?

A

zygomatic

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60
Q

What bones provide a pathway for a tube that carries tears from the eye to the nasal cavity?

A

lacrimal bones

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61
Q

wha bone is connected to the ethmoid bone, and together they form the nasal septum?

A

vomer bone

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62
Q

the vertbral column consists of how many movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone?

A

24

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63
Q

what protect the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord?

A

vertebrae

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64
Q

At the bottom of the spinal column are the sacrum and the what?

A

coccyx

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65
Q

what is a hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord?

A

vertebral foramen

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66
Q

the spinal column is divided into how many regions?

A

5

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67
Q

there are how many cervial vertebrae in the neck

A

7

68
Q

there are how many vertebrae in the thoracic region?

A

12

69
Q

there are how many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

70
Q

the sacrum is the triangular bone immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. It is composed of five seperate vertebrae that gradually fuse together between 18 and how many years of age?

A

30

71
Q

what (commonly known as the collar bone) lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S?

A

clavicle

72
Q

what is the longest bone of the upper extremity and is often called the arm bone?

A

humerous

73
Q

there are how many carpal bones, arranged in two rows, forming the wrist?

A

8

74
Q

the small bones of the fingers are called what?

A

phalanges

75
Q

what bone, commonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone composed of three parts: ilium, ischium and pubis

A

innominate

76
Q

what forms the outer prominence of the hip bone?

A

ilium

77
Q

the area where the two pubic bones meet is called what?

A

symphysis pubis

78
Q

what is the longest bone in the body?

A

femur

79
Q

what is a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint?

A

patella

80
Q

bones that develop within a tendon are known as what type of bones?

A

sesamoid

81
Q

the tarus, or ankle, is formed by how many tarsal bones?

A

7

82
Q

the sole and instep of the foot is called the metatarsus and is made up of how many metatarsus bones?

A

5

83
Q

what binds various parts of the skeletal system together and enables body parts to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions?

A

joint

84
Q

there are six classification of freely moable joints: ball in socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and what else?

A

saddle

85
Q

what reach across the joints, from one bone to another and keep the bone stable?

A

ligaments

86
Q

when ligaments are torn, the injury is called a what?

A

sprain

87
Q

when bones are chipped or broken, the injury is called what?

A

fracture

88
Q

joint movements are generally divided into four types,: gliding, angular, rotation and what else?

A

circumduction

89
Q

the tmj consists of how many bony parts?

A

3

90
Q

the point of fixed attachment of a muscle to bone is called what?

A

origin

91
Q

muscles seldom act alone; they usually work in groups held together by sheets of a white fibrous tissue called what?

A

fascia

92
Q

a muscle that is relaxing while a prime mover is contracting is called the what?

A

antagonist

93
Q

the chemical action of muscle fibers consists of two stages, contraction and what else?

A

recovery

94
Q

what is a continual state of partial contraction that gives the muscle firmness?

A

tonicity

95
Q

when a muscle dies, it becomes solid and rigid and no longer reacts. This stiffening, which occurs from 10 minutes to several hours after death, is called what?

A

rigor mortis

96
Q

there are how many types of muscle tissue?

A

3

97
Q

what muscle tissue forms from the bulk of the walls and septa (or partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the large blood vessels?

A

cardiac

98
Q

what is defined as the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion?

A

mastication

99
Q

what muscle of the cheeks prevents food from escaping the chewing action of teeth?

A

buccinator

100
Q

the area of the external lips where the red mucous membrane ends and normal outside skin of the face begins is known as the what?

A

vermillion border

101
Q

what provide the tongue with friction in handling food also act as taste buds?

A

papillae

102
Q

the palate forms the roof of the mouth and is divided into how many sections?

A

2

103
Q

the salivary glands produce how many pints of saliva daily, which greatly aids in the digestion process?

A

2 - 3

104
Q

what is the swallowing of food

A

deglutition

105
Q

when what muscle becomes damaged, the result is a sommon condition known as “stiff neck”?

A

sternocleidomastoid

106
Q

what is the large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle?

A

pectoralis major

107
Q

what muscle raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula?

A

deltoid

108
Q

what is the prominent muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm?

A

biceps brachii

109
Q

what is a broad, flat muscle that covers aprroximately one- third of the back on each side?

A

latissimus dorsi

110
Q

what is a group of four muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh?

A

quadriceps

111
Q

what adducts the thigh and flexes and medially roatates the leg?

A

gracilis

112
Q

what is the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

113
Q

what is the primary muscle of respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically?

A

diaphragm

114
Q

what is fluid tissue composed of formed elements suspended in plasma?

A

blood

115
Q

total blood volume of the average adult is how many liters?

A

5-6

116
Q

Plasma constitutes what percent of whole blood (plasma and cells)?

A

55

117
Q

when blood components are separated, the WBC’s and platelet form a thin layer, called the what, between the layers of plasma and RBC’s?

A

buffy coat

118
Q

Blood of the average man contains how many red blood cells per cubic millimeter?

A

5 million

119
Q

what is the key of the red blood cell’s ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

hemoglobin

120
Q

Dark red (venous) blood is the result of hemoglobin combining with what?

A

carbon dioxide

121
Q

red blood cells live only about how many days in the body?

A

100-120

122
Q

there is only one white cell to every how many red cells?

A

600

123
Q

what are important for the protection of the body against disease

A

leukocytes

124
Q

thrombocytes are smaller than red blood cells and average about how many per cubic millimeter of blood

A

250,000

125
Q

what is an inherited disease characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage?

A

hemophilia

126
Q

the heart is enclosed in a membranous sac, called the what?

A

pericardium

127
Q

the hearts acts as how many interrelated pumps

A

four

128
Q

contraction of the heart is called what?

A

systole

129
Q

relaxation of the heart is called what>

A

diastole

130
Q

the contractions of the heart are stimulated and maintained by the sinoatrial (SA) node, commonly called the what of the heart?

A

pacemaker

131
Q

the normal heart rate, or number of contractions is about how many beats per minute?

A

80

132
Q

the difference between systolic and diastolic is known as what?

A

pulse pressure

133
Q

what form a closed circuit of tubes that transport blood between the heart and body cells?

A

blood vessels

134
Q

the blood vessels of the body fall into how many classifications?

A

3

135
Q

what carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body?

A

arteries

136
Q

there are approxitemately how many miles of capillaries in the body?

A

60,000

137
Q

As the blood passes through the capillaries, it releases oxygen and nutritive substances to the tissues and takes up various waste products to be carried away by what?

A

Venules

138
Q

What system is comprised of vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the heart?

A

venous

139
Q

what is the largest artery in the body and is a large tube-like structure arising from the left ventricle of the heart?

A

aorta

140
Q

there are how many large arteries that arise from the aorta as it arches over the left lung?

A

three

141
Q

the three principal venous systems in the body are pulmonary, portal, and what else?

A

systemic

142
Q

what is the vein most commonly used for venipunture?

A

median cubital

143
Q

All tissues of the body are continuously bathed in what?

A

Interstitial fluid

144
Q

Once the interstitial fluid eneters the lymphatic capillaries, the fluid is called what?

A

Lymph

145
Q

Lymph nodes, which are frequently called glands but are not true glands, are small bean-shaped bodies of lymphatic tissue found in groups of two to how many along the course of the lymph vessels?

A

15

146
Q

What proteins interfere with ability of viruses to cause diseases?

A

interferon

147
Q

the memorization and production of antibodies is called what?

A

active immunity

148
Q

there are five major types of glia cells, AStrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, and what other cells?

A

schwann

149
Q

What help feed the brain and make up the Blood Brain Barrier

A

Astrocytes

150
Q

What enlarge, engulf, and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris?

A

microglia

151
Q

what produce the fatty myelin sheth around the nerve fibers in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

152
Q

The structure and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell, or neron, which can be classified into how many types?

A

three

153
Q

what is a cordlike bundle of fibers held together with connective tissue?

A

nerve

154
Q

the brain has six major divisions, the medulla oblongta, pons, midbrain, diancephalon, cerebrum and the what?

A

cerebellum

155
Q

what is the largest and most superioirly situated portion of the brain?

A

cerebrum

156
Q

what is concerned chiefly with bringing balance, harmony, and coordination to the motions initiated by the what?

A

cerebellum

157
Q

what is the inferior portion of the brain, the last division before the beginning of the spinal cord?

A

medulla oblongata

158
Q

the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord is covered with howmany layers of membranes called the meninges?

A

3

159
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is formed by a what?

A

plexus

160
Q

the total quantity of spinal fluid bathing the spinal cord is about how many ml

A

75

161
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerves that branch out from the CNS and connects it to the other parts of the body. The PNS includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

162
Q

what nerve provides the sense of smell?

A

olfactory

163
Q

what nerve governs sensation of the forehead and face and the clenching of the jaw?

A

trigeminal

164
Q

what nerves transmit sensation from the upper mouth and throat area?

A

glossopharyngeal

165
Q

what nerve governs the muscle activity of the tongue?

A

hypoglossal

166
Q

There are how many pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord?

A

31

Advancement (17 decks)

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