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Coronavirus PhD > Coronaviridae Basic > Flashcards

Coronaviridae Basic Flashcards

1
Q

Family of SARS-CoV-2

A

Coronaviridae

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2
Q

SubFamily of SARS-CoV-2?

A

Coronavirinae

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3
Q

Alphacoronavirus that infects Humans

A

HCoV-229E and HCOV-NL63

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4
Q

Betacoronavirus that infects human

A

-HCoV-0C43
-HCOV-HKU1
-SARS-CoV
-SARS-CoV-2
-MERS-CoV

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5
Q

Animals that can be infected by Betacoronavirus Genus

A

-Mice
-Bat
-Pig
-Dog
-Cows
-Horses
-Humans
-etc

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6
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor of HCoV-229E

A

Aminopeptidase N (APN)

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7
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor HCoV-NL63

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

Potential Additional Receptors: Heparan sulfate, CD209L

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8
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor of
HCoV-OC43

A

Sialic acid (multiple receptors) and Neuropilin-1as a secondary probably receptor

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9
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor of HCoV-HKU1

A

9-O-Acetyl-sialic acid

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10
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor of SARS-CoV-1

A

ACE2

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11
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor of MERS-CoV

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)

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12
Q

Primary Host Cell Receptor of SARS-COV-2

A

ACE2

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13
Q

All seven CoV that infects human has Spike protein?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Type of DNA of all Coronaviridae species

A

Positive-sense
Single-stranded
RNA

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15
Q

Define the characteristics of the Betacoronavirus genus

A

Enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA, spike glycoproteins in S1 and S2 subunits.

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16
Q

Briefly describe the clinical symptoms caused by SARS-CoV

A

Fever, cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia

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17
Q

SARS-CoV-2: higher affinity for ACE2 because…?

A

Has a furin cleavage site

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18
Q

What is the furin cleavage site?

A

specific sequence of amino acids found in the spike protein and plays a crucial role in viral entry and infectivity.

Cleaved by an enzyme called furin activates the spike protein,enabling it to fuse with the host cell membrane

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19
Q

SARS-COV-1 has furin cleavage site?

A

No, only SARS-CoV-2

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20
Q

How does MERS-CoV differ from other Betacoronaviruses in terms of transmission?

A

MERS-CoV primarily transmitted through direct contact with dromedary camels, while SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 mainly through respiratory droplets.

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21
Q

How does the virus gain entry into the host cell?

A

Spike protein binds to a host cell receptor, followed by membrane fusion and viral entry.

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22
Q

What is the role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in replication?

A

Synthesizes new copies of viral RNA using the existing RNA as a template

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23
Q

What are the two types of replicase polyproteins produced by Betacoronaviruses?

A

Replicase-Transcriptase Complex (RTC) and Non-structural Protein (NSP) complex.

24
Q

Briefly describe the function of the spike protein

A

Mediates attachment,entry,and fusion with the host cell membrane.

25
Q

What are the two subunits of the spike protein, and what is their significance?

A

S1:receptor binding; S2:membrane fusion.Mutations in S1 can affect host range and transmissibility.

26
Q

Describe the function of the nucleocapsid protein (N).

A

Encapsulates the viral RNA genome,protecting it and facilitating replication

27
Q

What is the role of non-structural proteins (Nsps) in replication?

A

Diverse functions,including RNA processing,immune evasion,and modifying host cell machinery for viral benefit.

28
Q

What are the main types of antivirals used against Betacoronaviruses?

A

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and nucleoside analogs.

29
Q

How do Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) work?

A

Inhibit specific viral proteins critical for replication,such as RdRp or proteases.

30
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogs antivirals

A

Mimic natural building blocks of RNA, incorporated into viral RNA, leading to chain termination and impaired replication.

31
Q

Briefly describe the concept of viral proofreading and its relevance to antiviral resistance

A

Viruses lack robust proofreading mechanisms,leading to higher mutation rates and potential for resistance development.

32
Q

Describe the unique features of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein compared to other coronaviruses

A

Presence of a furin cleavage site,enhancing infectivity and transmissibility.

33
Q

What are the roles of the envelope (E),membrane (M),and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in SARS-CoV-2?

A

E:virion assembly and budding; M:virion shape and integrity; N:encapsulates RNA genome.

34
Q

Briefly explain the functions of non-structural proteins (Nsps) 10 and 12 in SARS-CoV-2 replication.

A

Nsp10:suppresses host protein synthesis; Nsp12:aids RNA synthesis and proofreading.

35
Q

How does the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 contribute to viral replication?

A

Cleaves viral polyproteins,releasing essential enzymes for replication.

36
Q

What is the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2

A

non-structural protein 3 (NSP3), is a crucial enzyme involved in the viral replication cycle. Cleaves viral polyproteins, Deubiquitinates, suppressing interferon, making it a promising target for antiviral development

37
Q

Briefly describe the process of virion assembly and release in SARS-CoV-2.

A

Occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex, involving interactions between viral proteins and host membranes.

38
Q

Which FDA-approved drugs are currently used to treat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2?

A

Paxlovid, Molnupiravir, Remdesivir (with limitations).

39
Q

Explain the mechanism of action of Paxlovid against SARS-CoV-2.

A

Inhibits the viral protease Mpro, essential for viral replication.

main protease (Mpro), also known as the 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), is another crucial enzyme in the life cycle

40
Q

What are the challenges associated with using Molnupiravir for COVID-19 treatment?

A

Potential for mutagenic effects, requiring careful evaluation and monitoring. (Animal test in high dose)

41
Q

How does Remdesivir exert its antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2?

A

Acts as a nucleotide analog, interfering with viral RNA synthesis

42
Q

Front:What is the composition of the SARS-CoV-2 viral envelope?

A

Lipid bilayer derived from host cell membranes, embedded with viral proteins like spike, E, and M.

43
Q

How does the lipid composition of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope influence its infectivity and immune evasion?

A

May contribute to viral fusion with host cells and potentially modulate immune response.

44
Q

What is the genome sequence identity shared between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV?

A

SARS-CoV-2 shares ~80% genome sequence identity with SARS-CoV.

45
Q

How much genome sequence identity does SARS-CoV-2 share with MERS-CoV?

A

SARS-CoV-2 shares 50% genome sequence identity with MERS-CoV

46
Q

What are the six functional open reading frames (ORFs) in the genome of SARS-CoV-2?

A

The six functional open reading frames (ORFs) are replicase (ORF1a/ORF1b), spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N).

47
Q

What are the structural genes of SARS-CoV-2?

A

The structural genes of SARS-CoV-2 are spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N).

48
Q

What is the name of the International Committee of Viruses

A

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

49
Q

Which species of bat shares the highest genome sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2?

A

Rhinolophus affinis shares the highest genome sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2 among bats.

50
Q

What are the two bat coronaviruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2, besides RaTG13?

A

RmYN02 and bat coronaviruses ZC45 and ZXC21 are closely related to SARS-CoV-2.

51
Q

What is the full size of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2?

A

The full size of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 is 1,273 amino acids.

51
Q

What specific genomic feature distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from other related viruses?

A

SARS-CoV-2 has an insertion of four amino acid residues (PRRA) at the junction of subunits S1 and S2 of the S protein.

52
Q

Which enzyme participates in the cleavage of the S protein and activates the entry of SARS-CoV-2?

A

Host proteases, including transmembrane protease serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin L, and furin, participate in the cleavage of the S protein and activate the entry of SARS-CoV-2.

53
Q

What are the structural domains of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2?

A

The S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 consists of two functional domains: an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain.

54
Q

What is the target of neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2?

A

The RBD (receptor-binding domain) of the S1 C-terminal domain is the target of neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2.

55
Q

Which is the size of SARS-CoV-2 whole genome?

A

Approximately 30,000 base pairs. 30K

56
Q

Base pairs of the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2?

A

3,822 base pairs

Coronavirus PhD (3 decks)

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