Coronary Artery Disease Flashcards
CVD Stats
- is America’s (2)
- approx 1/__ deaths results from CVD
Leading health problem and cause of death
1/3
CVD
- includes diseases of the (2)
- 3 major diseases
Heart and blood vessel circulation
Abnormal heart rhythm
Coronary artery disease
Heart failure
CAD
-describe
Arteries that supply to heart muscle become hardened and narrow due to build-up of plaque within* their walls (atherosclerosis)
CAD
-over time
Can weaken heart muscle and contribute to heart failure and arrhythmias
CAD
-epidemiology
Most common type of heart disease
Leading cause of death in USA (men and women)
CAD
-pathophysiology
—CAD
—heart attack from CAD
Artery narrowed by plaque, damaged inner vessel lining
WBCs in area to kill infection change into cells w/ fatty materials
Plaque breaks open and clot forms that blocks blood flow
CAD: causes of atherosclerosis
- unmodifiable risk factors (2)
- modifiable risk factors
Age Family hx (esp sibling/parent)
LDL chol. HTN DM2 Tobacco Overweight/obese Physical inactivity Diet
CAD
-signs and symptoms
Quite variable
None initially (silent ischemia)
Chest pain/angina (due to ischemia of coronary artery, usually sporadic)
Shortness of breath
Heart attack (acute, crushing pressure/pain)
CAD diagnosis
+records electrical signal
+may reveal evidence of previous heart attack/one in progress
+can be done in-office or via portable monitor
ECG/EKG
CAD diagnosis
+uses sound waves to produce images of the heart
+similar/same as B-scan
Echocardiogram
CAD diagnosis
+uses catheterization and dye to image blood flow within coronary arteries
Cardiac angiogram
CAD diagnosis
+use computerized tomography (CT) tech to image Ca2+ deposits within arteries
Heart scans
CAD management
- main
- medications (4)
Lifestyle changes
Cholesterol-modifying (statins)
Aspirin
Beta blockers (also CCBs, ACE inhibitors)
Nitroglycerin
CAD management
-surgeries (2)
Angioplasty and stent placement
Coronary artery bypass surgery (used to commonly use saphenous vein)
CAD management medications:
- caution
- how nitroglycerin works and what SE
Beta blockers - caution with NTG pts, BP may go too low overnight
Dilates BVs
Blue-yellow color vision distortion
Atherosclerosis elsewhere: brain
- called
- 2 types
- pathophysiology
- emergency tx (2)
Stroke
Ischemic vs hemorrhagic
Blockage of blood supply to part of the brain caused by a clot or debris (embolus)
Medications or procedure to break up clot(s)
Atherosclerosis elsewhere: carotid arteries
- most common __
- symptoms systemically
- symptoms ocularly
- tx (3)
Source of retinal emboli
None -> TIA -> retinal vascular occlusions or stroke
Transient vision loss - lodges (loss of blood/vision) then goes on (regains vision)
Will either throw off plaques or become very narrow (severe stenosis -> hypoperfusion)
-if hypoperfusion = ocular angina
Cholesterol-lowering meds, blood thinners, surgery if severe
Atherosclerosis elsewhere: legs, arms, etc.
- called
- pathophysiology
- symptoms
- tx (5)
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Circulatory condn, narrowed BV reduce blood flow to limbs
Leg pain (esp when walking)
Tobacco cessation, exercise, healthy diet, medications, surgery
Atherosclerosis implications for optometrists
- coronary AD (3)
- cerebrovascular disease (2)
May lead to retinal vascular occlusions (RVOs)
Meds used in tx may affect eyes
Implantable devices may preclude certain ocular procedures
Signs/symptoms of impending stroke
May lead to vision loss (temporary or permanent)
Atherosclerosis implications for optometrists
- carotid AD (1)
- peripheral vascular disease
May lead to retinal vascular occlusions (RVOs) or ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS)
Ocular assoc with erectile dysfunction (vascular problem) - more at risk for NAION
Atherosclerosis Elsewhere: carotid arteries/eye
-ways to detect (3)
Listen for bruit
Carotid ultrasound/B-scan
-with doppler = duplex
Invasive = catheter (gold-standard)
