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Geography > Core Physical > Flashcards

Core Physical Flashcards

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1
Q

drainage basin system

A

natural system. area drained by a river and any tributariea

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2
Q

River Discharge

A

volume of water passing through cross-sectional area (cumecs)

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3
Q

Stores

A

Interception, soil water, surface water, groundwater, channel storage

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4
Q

Flows

A

Above Ground: Throughfall, stemflow, overland flow, channel flow

Below Ground: Infiltration, percolation, throughflow, groundwater flow, baseflow

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5
Q

Hydrograph

A

graph that shows river discharge over time

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6
Q

Hydrographs show:

A

rising limb, falling limb, discharge, lag time, baseflow, stormflow, bankfull discharge

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7
Q

Influences on hydrograph

A

storm events, type of precipitation, evaporation, seasons, antecedent moisture

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8
Q

drainage density

A

high: more streams and rivers
Low: less streams and rivers

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9
Q

Corrasion

A

scraping and grinding

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10
Q

Solution

A

water dissolving

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11
Q

hydraulic action

A

water causes rocks to fragment when channel is hit

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12
Q

Cavitation

A

water enters small gaps, widens cracks

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13
Q

Traction

A

large rocks & pebbles rolled

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14
Q

saltation

A

pebbles, bounced

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15
Q

suspension

A

small pebbles carried

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16
Q

solution

A

soluble, materials carried

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17
Q

hjulstrom curve

A

graph that shows velocity and river materials

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18
Q

Laminar, Turbulent, Helicoidal

A

Laminar: straight
Turbulent: disorderly, change in velocity, eddies
Helicoidal: corkscrew, meanders,

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19
Q

gorge

A

formed by retreating waterfall

20
Q

bluff

A

large, rounded cliff on side of river, formed on outside of meander

21
Q

River Don

A

84mm rainfall in sheffield and south yorkshire
groundwater flooding - major incident declared
6 sever flood warnings issued
1,000 properties flooded
govt allowed £5,000 to those affected

22
Q

Atmosphere

A

area of transparent gases surrounding earth

23
Q

Earth energy budget

A

receives energy from sun and earth, loses energy to space

24
Q

Global energy budget

A

Incoming (shortwave radiation) 47% reaches earth, Outgoing (longwave) radiation (energy received converted to heat), Latent heat (evaporation)

25
Q

Variations in receipt of solar radiation

A

Positive budget in tropics

negative budget in poles

26
Q

Trade winds

A

Northern Hemisphere - NE → SW

Southern Hemisphere - SE → NW

27
Q

Ocean currents

A

continuous, predictable, directional movement of sea water driven by gravity, wind and water density

28
Q

Absolute humidity

A

amount of water vapour in atmosphere

29
Q

Relative humidity

A

amount of water vapour in the atmosphere expressed as % of maximum amount of water air can hold at temperature

30
Q

Convection

A

air in contact w/ warm land surface. heats + expands = rises then cools

31
Q

Frontal uplift of air

A

two air masses. warm rises above cold as it is lighter and slower

32
Q

Orographic uplift (relief)

A

air forced to rise over high ground. cools and condenses as it rises and intensifies rainfall over high ground

33
Q

Nimbus clouds

A

rain bearing

34
Q

Cloud shape

A

Stratus: little uplift, wide area
Cumulus: more uplift, smaller area

35
Q

Cloud level

A

Cirro - very high
alto - mid level
stratus/cumulus - low level

36
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect

A

less heat escapes, more heat re-emitted

37
Q

tectonic plates

A

Lithosphere broken up into slabs of rock

38
Q

Divergent, Convergent, Conservative

A

Divergent - two of same move apart
Convergent - Towards each other
Conservative - along one another

39
Q

formations at Divergent, Convergent, Conservative

A

Divergent - sea floor spreading
Convergent - underwater volcanoes, island arcs (O+O) Fold mountains (O+C)
Conservative - Fault lines

40
Q

Physical Weathering

A

disintergration of rocks

41
Q

Chemical weathering

A

decomposition of rocks

42
Q

Hydrolysis

A

mineral (felspar) is broken down via reaction with acidic water. Kaolin formed

43
Q

Carbonation

A

rainwater contains carbonic acid, reacts w calcium carbonate (chalk and limestone) and calcite (rock cement)

44
Q

Factors affecting type of weathering

A

climate, rock type and structure, vegetation, relief

45
Q

Mass movement

A

Heaves - frost heave and soil creep
Flows - cohesive flows controlled by moisture
Falls - slopes made of rock, sudden and dramatic
slides - fastest, seismic waves or gravitational stress trigger

46
Q

Human impact

A

decreasing stability caused by an increase in shear stress or decrease of internal strength e.g. mining, construction, Agriculture

47
Q

strategies to reduce mass movement

A

afforestation, netting, pinning, grading

Geography (7 decks)

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