core human Flashcards

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1
Q

key population perameters

A

distribution, density, numbers, change

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2
Q

Total fertility rate

A

average number of children a mother will birth during reproductive age

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3
Q

where are infant mortality and crude death rates highest

A

IMR - Africa, Pakistan, Afghanistan & Laos

CDR - Africa (not northern) Russia & Eastern Europe

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4
Q

Morbidity rates

A

shown through the incidence of diseases. Non-communicable diseases higher in HIC’s, infections and biologically transmitted diseases higher in LIC’s

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5
Q

population structure

A

age, gender, economically active, dependents

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6
Q

Food security

A

available, accessible, affordable food that is safe and nutritious for healthy lifestyle. Food insecurity is the opposite - chronic hunger and food shortages

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7
Q

strategies to increase food security

A

↑ access to foreign markets, ↑ Tech and innovation, ↑ efficiency

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8
Q

Green Revolution

A

Mid 20th Century - ↑ technology = ↑ food security, amount of food and efficiency of farm
↑ use of fertilisers, mechanisation, irrigation and development of HYV’s, e.g. India - resulting in ↑ calorie intake in LIC’s and ↑160% grain yields

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9
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that can be supported in an environment without the environment being severely degraded

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10
Q

Over, optimum and underpopulation

A

Overpopulation - too many people to be supported by the environment and its resources
Optimum Population - ideal number of people for environment and its resources
Underpopulation - Too little people to fully utilise the environment and its resources

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11
Q

International Migration patterns

A

230 million people live in a country that isn’t place of birth (2014), used to be common in world destinations but is now common in many cities in developing countries. ↑ migration as a result of globalisation

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12
Q

Chain migration

A

movement of people to an area that causes more people to follow to that area

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13
Q

stepped migration

A

gradual movement from origin to destination through a number of moves up hierarchy

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14
Q

Causes of Urban - Rural migration

A

Search for improved quality of life: crime, overpopulation, pollution and high cost of living. Quieter, less costly & more peaceful for elderly

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15
Q

Impacts of urban - rural migration

A

Destination: + Larger workforce, - increases pressure on services, - ↑house prices, - environmental degradation,, may upset locals
Origin: + released pressure on services, - deindustrialisation, - ↓ wealthier, elderly population, + younger population, - rise in anti-social behaviour

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16
Q

Intra-Urban migration

A

movement of people within urban settlements. Burgess model & Hoyt Model

17
Q

Major Labour flows

A

Asia - 63 million internal movements in Asia in 2017
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh ⇢ Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE & Bahrain
Europe - 41 million. Germany holds most of EU migrants, mainly from eastern europe

18
Q

Voluntary migration case study

A

Poland ⇢ UK
2004: Poland joins EU, allowing free passage into UK. 15,000 predicted to apply for residency by July 2006, 447,000 actually applied
Push: 18.2% unemployment rate (2005), $12,700 GDP per capita (2006), Standard of living lower
Pull: 5.1% unemployment UK with skill shortages, early access to higher wages, UK one of three countries who didn’t restrict access
Impact on Poland: + 4bn remittances, - shortage of skilled workers, - divorce rate x2
Impact on UK: + polish workers filled skill gap, - unknown migrants, 80% 18-35 = youthful population
Attempts to manage in Poland: trafficking has no limits & assisted voluntary return projects
Attempts to manage in UK: UK points based system

19
Q

Involuntary Migration Case Study

A

Syria
Crisis as a result of violent government crackdown on public demonstrations in support of a group of teenagers arrested. escalated quickly, civil war forced millions out of homes. 10 years on, 13 million need assistance. 6.6 million have fleed syria since 2011, primarily to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt

20
Q

settlement

A

area where people live, exist somewhere on a rural-urban continuum. not always one or the other

21
Q

Typical rural LEDC

A

small villages, agricultural, subsistence, low water and energy

22
Q

Changes in rural areas in LEDC

A

+ ↓ rural population, ↓ pressure on water and energy services, + ↓ unemployment, + remittances from those in urban, - services closed down, ageing population, ↓ agricultural production

23
Q

changes in rural areas in MEDC

A

economy no longer agriculture-based, farm diversification, ↑house prices, formation of suburbanised villages, ↓ rural services and public transport

24
Q

Mulbarton Case study

A

Location: South of Norwich, between A140 & A11
Characteristics: Primary school, cricket club, church, fish & chip shop, social club, large common, bus services
Issues of development: ↑ house prices, ↑population, Increased buildings not in characteristic of village, ↑pressure on primary schools, natural habitats damaged and flood risk ↑

25
Q

Re-Urbanisation

A

people begin to return to urban areas due to redevelopment

26
Q

Suburbanisation

A

urban areas spread outwards as railway lines allowed people to live further away from work

27
Q

counter-urbanisation

A

people leave urban areas to smaller settlements outside the city

28
Q

Urban regeneration

A

try to improve an urban area in decline with a mixture of urban redevelopment and urban renewal

29
Q

Urban redevelopment

A

complete clearance of existing buildings & construction of new buildings. often from a different purpose

30
Q

Urban renewal

A

keeping best elements of existing urban environment and adapting them to new usages

31
Q

gentrification

A

in-migration of people from higher socio-economic groups into areas where the existing population is generally of lower socio-economic group compared to new comers e.g. brooklyn

32
Q

global (world) cities

A

judged to be important point in global economic, political or cultural system. Influence > size. Alpha, Gamma, Beta

33
Q

changing structure in urban settlements

A

manufacturing: cities ⇢ Rural areas and LEDC’s
Retailing: CBD ⇢ retail parks
Health: Large in one area of urban areas
Education: Primary schools in and around city, secondary schools further away
Leisure and open space: inner city stadiums ⇢ edge of city