core human

Question 1

key population perameters

Answer 1

distribution, density, numbers, change

Question 2

Total fertility rate

Answer 2

average number of children a mother will birth during reproductive age

Question 3

where are infant mortality and crude death rates highest

Answer 3

IMR - Africa, Pakistan, Afghanistan & Laos

CDR - Africa (not northern) Russia & Eastern Europe

Question 4

Morbidity rates

Answer 4

shown through the incidence of diseases. Non-communicable diseases higher in HIC’s, infections and biologically transmitted diseases higher in LIC’s

Question 5

population structure

Answer 5

age, gender, economically active, dependents

Question 6

Food security

Answer 6

available, accessible, affordable food that is safe and nutritious for healthy lifestyle. Food insecurity is the opposite - chronic hunger and food shortages

Question 7

strategies to increase food security

Answer 7

↑ access to foreign markets, ↑ Tech and innovation, ↑ efficiency

Question 8

Green Revolution

Answer 8

Mid 20th Century - ↑ technology = ↑ food security, amount of food and efficiency of farm
↑ use of fertilisers, mechanisation, irrigation and development of HYV’s, e.g. India - resulting in ↑ calorie intake in LIC’s and ↑160% grain yields

Question 9

Carrying capacity

Answer 9

the maximum population that can be supported in an environment without the environment being severely degraded

Question 10

Over, optimum and underpopulation

Answer 10

Overpopulation - too many people to be supported by the environment and its resources
Optimum Population - ideal number of people for environment and its resources
Underpopulation - Too little people to fully utilise the environment and its resources

Question 11

International Migration patterns

Answer 11

230 million people live in a country that isn’t place of birth (2014), used to be common in world destinations but is now common in many cities in developing countries. ↑ migration as a result of globalisation

Question 12

Chain migration

Answer 12

movement of people to an area that causes more people to follow to that area

Question 13

stepped migration

Answer 13

gradual movement from origin to destination through a number of moves up hierarchy

Question 14

Causes of Urban - Rural migration

Answer 14

Search for improved quality of life: crime, overpopulation, pollution and high cost of living. Quieter, less costly & more peaceful for elderly

Question 15

Impacts of urban - rural migration

Answer 15

Destination: + Larger workforce, - increases pressure on services, - ↑house prices, - environmental degradation,, may upset locals
Origin: + released pressure on services, - deindustrialisation, - ↓ wealthier, elderly population, + younger population, - rise in anti-social behaviour

Question 16

Intra-Urban migration

Answer 16

movement of people within urban settlements. Burgess model & Hoyt Model

Question 17

Major Labour flows

Answer 17

Asia - 63 million internal movements in Asia in 2017
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh ⇢ Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE & Bahrain
Europe - 41 million. Germany holds most of EU migrants, mainly from eastern europe

Question 18

Voluntary migration case study

Answer 18

Poland ⇢ UK
2004: Poland joins EU, allowing free passage into UK. 15,000 predicted to apply for residency by July 2006, 447,000 actually applied
Push: 18.2% unemployment rate (2005), $12,700 GDP per capita (2006), Standard of living lower
Pull: 5.1% unemployment UK with skill shortages, early access to higher wages, UK one of three countries who didn’t restrict access
Impact on Poland: + 4bn remittances, - shortage of skilled workers, - divorce rate x2
Impact on UK: + polish workers filled skill gap, - unknown migrants, 80% 18-35 = youthful population
Attempts to manage in Poland: trafficking has no limits & assisted voluntary return projects
Attempts to manage in UK: UK points based system

Question 19

Involuntary Migration Case Study

Answer 19

Syria
Crisis as a result of violent government crackdown on public demonstrations in support of a group of teenagers arrested. escalated quickly, civil war forced millions out of homes. 10 years on, 13 million need assistance. 6.6 million have fleed syria since 2011, primarily to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt

Question 20

settlement

Answer 20

area where people live, exist somewhere on a rural-urban continuum. not always one or the other

Question 21

Typical rural LEDC

Answer 21

small villages, agricultural, subsistence, low water and energy

Question 22

Changes in rural areas in LEDC

Answer 22

+ ↓ rural population, ↓ pressure on water and energy services, + ↓ unemployment, + remittances from those in urban, - services closed down, ageing population, ↓ agricultural production

Question 23

changes in rural areas in MEDC

Answer 23

economy no longer agriculture-based, farm diversification, ↑house prices, formation of suburbanised villages, ↓ rural services and public transport

Question 24

Mulbarton Case study

Answer 24

Location: South of Norwich, between A140 & A11
Characteristics: Primary school, cricket club, church, fish & chip shop, social club, large common, bus services
Issues of development: ↑ house prices, ↑population, Increased buildings not in characteristic of village, ↑pressure on primary schools, natural habitats damaged and flood risk ↑

Question 25

Re-Urbanisation

Answer 25

people begin to return to urban areas due to redevelopment

Question 26

Suburbanisation

Answer 26

urban areas spread outwards as railway lines allowed people to live further away from work

Question 27

counter-urbanisation

Answer 27

people leave urban areas to smaller settlements outside the city

Question 28

Urban regeneration

Answer 28

try to improve an urban area in decline with a mixture of urban redevelopment and urban renewal

Question 29

Urban redevelopment

Answer 29

complete clearance of existing buildings & construction of new buildings. often from a different purpose

Question 30

Urban renewal

Answer 30

keeping best elements of existing urban environment and adapting them to new usages

Question 31

gentrification

Answer 31

in-migration of people from higher socio-economic groups into areas where the existing population is generally of lower socio-economic group compared to new comers e.g. brooklyn

Question 32

global (world) cities

Answer 32

judged to be important point in global economic, political or cultural system. Influence > size. Alpha, Gamma, Beta

Question 33

changing structure in urban settlements

Answer 33

manufacturing: cities ⇢ Rural areas and LEDC’s
Retailing: CBD ⇢ retail parks
Health: Large in one area of urban areas
Education: Primary schools in and around city, secondary schools further away
Leisure and open space: inner city stadiums ⇢ edge of city