advanced human Flashcards
debt relief
1) eligible to borrow from world banks IDA, Face unsustainable debt burden, established track record & sound policies, developed poverty reduction strategy
2) Further track record of good performance, implement satisfactory reforms
Different types of international aid (RDTBM)
RELIEF - given to people in immediate danger
DEVELOPMENT - HIC -> LIC to support development
TIED - must be spent in donor countries on G&S
BILATERAL - between two countries
MULTILATERAL AID - involving more than 2 countries
Life cycle model of tourism
Exploration, Involvement, Development, Consolidation, Stagnation, 6 - Rejuvenation or stabilisation or decline or disaster
GDP per person
deceloped to measure standard of living rather than quality of life
HOWEVER, does not take into account G&S produced by peasant farmers and people in informal sector. underestimates poor countries
HDI
measured using GDP per Person, literacy & education rates, life expectancy
broad range of social & economic measures makes it more accurate
measures in long term figures, may not change in short term. higher national wealth does not indicate welfare
NIDL
change in location of manufacturing industries from capitalist HIC’s to MIC’s and LIC’s. low cost labour, nearness to markets, labour laws
factors of TNC’s growth
advantage of size, developments in transport and fragmentation, political changes and emergence of NIC;s
Case study: Toyota
Est 1937 in Japan
First overseas plant in brazil, 54 factories in 20 countries, Europe + NA have 5 R&D centres, SA+INDIA have manufacturing, HQ in Japan, better transport allowed growth + FDI into UK
outsourcing and offshoring
outsourcing - contracting out business process to another party
offshoring - relocating business function to another country
Core & periphery
Core - meteropolitan centre, high potential for growth
upward transition regions - areas of growth spread over small centres
Resource frontier regions - peripheral zones of new settlement
Downward transition regions - areas of decline due to exhaustion of resources
Regional divergence - ↑ economic differences between regions
Regional Convergence - ↓ economic difference between regions
