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Core Oganic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Hydrocarbons
—> compounds made only of hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

Crude oil is useless unless …

A

The mixture is separated into different chemicals
—> separated by fractional distillation

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3
Q

Explain how fractional distillation separates crude oil into separate fractions

A

As the TEMPERATURE INCREASES, different chemicals in the crude oil VAPORISE (boil off). They then CONDENSE in the delivery tube and run into the COLLECTING TUBE, which is changed at the intervals to collect the different FRACTIONS

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4
Q

Fraction 1

A

Boiling range: <100 degrees celsius
Appearance: colourless, runny liquid
Burning: ignites very easily, clean flame

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5
Q

Fraction 2

A

Boiling range: 100-200 degrees celsius
Appearance: pale yellow, runny liquid
Burning: infinites easily, not as much of a clean flame

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6
Q

Fraction 3

A

Boiling range: 200-300 degrees celsius
Appearance: light brown, slightly viscous liquid
Burning: ignites after a few seconds, not very clean flame

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7
Q

Fraction 4

A

Boiling range: >300
Appearance: dark brown, highly viscous
Burning: ignites after around 5 seconds, smokey flame

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8
Q

What are petroleum gases used for?

A

Clamping gas
Lighter fuel

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9
Q

What are the properties of crude oil with low boiling points?

A

Runny
Colourless
Highly flammable
Clean flame

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10
Q

What is petrol (gasoline) used for?

A

Fuel for cars

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11
Q

What is kerosene (paraffin) used for?

A

Aircraft fuel (jets)

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12
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Fuel for cars/lorries

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13
Q

What is lubricating oil used for?

A

Engine/bicycle oil

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14
Q

What is heavy fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel for ships and power stations

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15
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Tar for roads
Roofing pitch

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16
Q

What are the properties of crude oil with high boiling points?

A

Solid/highly viscous
Dark brown
Less flammable
Smokey flame

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17
Q

What happens to crude oil before entering the fractionating column/tower?

A

It is heated and vapourised

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18
Q

How does a fractionating column/tower work?

A

The crude oil is turned into a gas and when entering it will rise until it reaches a region with a lower temperature than its boiling point and will condense back into a liquid

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19
Q

As you go up the fractionating column what happens?

A

The temperature is cooler

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20
Q

What can heavy fuel oil and bitumen be broken down into?

A

Smaller hydrocarbons, ‘cracking’

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21
Q

What is carbon really useful for?

A

Making large compounds

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22
Q

Why is carbon really useful for making large compounds?

A

Each atom of carbon can form four strong bonds

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23
Q

Which are the most common atoms for a carbon atom to be bonded to?

A

Other carbon atoms
Hydrogen atoms

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24
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A family of hydrocarbons found in crude oil

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25
What is an example of a homologous series?
Alkanes
26
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen atoms ONLY
27
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds which have similar chemical properties (react in a similar way), the same general formula (describes the entire series) and successive members formulae differ by CH2
28
What is the symbol for methane?
CH4
29
What is the symbol for ethane?
C2H6
30
What is the symbol for propane?
C3H8
31
What is the symbol for butane?
C4H10
32
What is the symbol for pentane?
C5H12
33
What is the order of alkanes?
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane
34
What kind of compounds are alkanes?
Saturated compounds —> every carbon atom has four single covalent bonds
35
What does displayed formula mean?
All the C’s and H’s are drawn out (like a picture)
36
What does structural formula mean?
How many H’s each C has E.g. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
37
What does molecular formula mean?
How many C’s and H’s it has E.g. C4H10
38
What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures (atoms are arranged differently)
39
If the chain length increases, what also increases?
Their boiling point increases
40
How do methane, ethane, propane and butane all exist as at room temperature?
Gases - because they have the shortest chains (They have fairly low boiling points)
41
How do alkanes with more than four carbons exist at room temperature?
Liquids
42
When to alkanes exist as a solid at room temperature?
If they have roughly more than 17 carbons
43
Properties or shorter alkanes
Low boiling/melting points More volatile More flammable
44
What does volatile mean?
They evaporate more easily
45
Properties of longer alkanes
High boiling/melting points More viscous
46
What does viscous mean?
Thick and sticky (like honey)
47
What is a main use of alkanes?
For fuel
48
Why are alkanes used for fuel?
They release loads of energy when they’re burned with oxygen
49
What is combustion?
A chemical reaction where a substance is burned and reacts with oxygen releasing energy (in the form of heat and light)
50
Observations of experiment: products of combustion
The lime water turned cloudy which tells us carbon dioxide is formed Droplets of liquid is formed in the U tube which turned the anhydrous copper sulfate blue which tells us water is formed
51
What happens when a hydrocarbon burns efficiently in air?
The carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide The hydrogen is oxidised to water
52
What is complete combustion?
When a fuel (hydrocarbon) burns in plenty of air it makes carbon dioxide and water
53
Word equation for complete combustion
Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
54
What type of reaction is complete combustion?
Exothermic - it releases loads of energy in the process
55
What is incomplete combustion?
If there is not enough oxygen present then carbon monoxide or carbon (soot) is also formed
56
Word equation for incomplete combustion
Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + carbon (soot) + water
57
Other products of burning fuel: sulphur
Some fuels also contain small amounts of sulphur as an impurity When burned sulphur dioxide is formed
58
Other products of burning fuel: nitrogen
In hot engines some nitrogen from the air also burns which forms nitrogen oxides
59
Environmental problems linked to burning fuels (list)
Carbon monoxide Carbon Sulphur and nitrogen oxides Carbon monoxide
60
Environmental problems linked to burning fuels: carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gas Causes global warming
61
Environmental problems linked to burning fuels: carbon
Causes smog and carbon particles; dangerous to breathe in
62
Environmental problems linked to burning fuels: sulphur and nitrogen oxides
Dissolves in water causing acid rain: damages trees and kills fish
63
Environmental problems linked to burning fuels: carbon monoxide
Very dangerous toxic gas: prevents blood carrying oxygen
64
How do alkanes react with halogens in the presence of U.V light?
Slowly
65
When an alkane and bromine react in the presence of U.V light what is formed?
A bromoalkane
66
Where can the reaction of alkanes and bromine not take place?
In the dark
67
Why can’t the reaction of alkanes and bromine take place in the dark?
The light helps breaks chemical bonds to start the reaction
68
What is the reaction of ethane and bromine with U.V light an example of?
A substitution reaction
69
Why is the reaction of ethane and bromine with U.V light a substitution reaction?
One of the hydrogen atoms in the ethane has been substituted with a bromine atom

Chemistry (10 decks)

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